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When a negotiator arrives at the scene of a hostage crisis, a first thing is to know _____
_.
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Hostage Negotiation
A hostage situation is a law-enforcement worst-case scenario, because it places innocent civilians directly in harm's way. Armed intervention becomes very risky, since the hostages themselves can be harmed either by stray bullets or by the hostage-takers. That makes the negotiation the most important aspect of any hostage crisis. A skilled negotiator must find out what the hostage-taker wants, who he or she' is and what it will take to achieve a peaceful outcome, all while ensuring the safety of the hostages and other bystanders.
Ideally, a hostage situation ends with everyone walking away. In this article, we'll find out what happens on the scene of a hostage negotiation,how a negotiator gets the job done. We will also take a look at the psychology of hostage-takers.
The Hostage Situation
Although hostage situations can vary greatly based on the motivations of the hostage-taker and the exact circumstances surrounding the incident, there are some basic facts that apply to all hostage situations.
The hostage-taker wants to obtain something. This can be as simple as money, personal safety or sale passage to another country, or it can involve complicated political goals.
The target of the hostage-taker is not the hostage; it is some third party (a person, a company or a government) that can provide whatever it is the hostage-taker' wants.
The hostages are bargaining chips. They may have symbolic value (as at the 1972 Munich Olympics, in which the target was the Israeli government and the hostages were Israeli athletes), but the hostages themselves could be anyone.
Hostage situations move through several distinct phases.
Initial Phase—This phase is violent and brief and lasts as long as it takes for the hostage-takers to make their assault and subdue(慑服) the hostages. The end of this phase is often marked by the presentation of the hostage takers' demands.
Negotiation Phase—At this point, law-enforcement officials are on the scene, and the demands have probably been received. This phase can last hours, days or months and could also be referred to as "the standoff(均衡) phase. "Physically, nothing about the situation changes greatly. The hostages and the hostage-takers stay in the same place. However, a lot is happening during this phase in terms of the relationships developing between everyone involved. The negotiator's job boils down to manipulating those relationships in a way that results in a peaceful ending.
Termination Phase—This is the brief, sometimes violent final phase. This phase has one of throe results: The hostage-takers surrender peacefully and are arrested. Police assault the hostage-takers and kill or arrest them. The hostage-takers' demands are granted, and they escape.
The fate of the hostages does not necessarily depend on what happens during the termination phase. Even if the hostage-takers give up, they may have killed the hostages during the negotiations. Often, hostages are killed either accidentally by police or intentionally by their captors during an assault. There have even been cases in which the hostage-takers were granted their demands, but they killed a hostage anyway.
There is also a post-incident stage in which the effects of the incident play themselves out. These effects can include changes in the status of the groups responsible, shifts in the relationships between world governments or in creases in security.
Hostage-takers
One of the first things a negotiator does when he or she arrives on the scene of a hostage crisis is to find out everything about the hostage-taker. The most basic question is: Why did this person take a hostage？ There are a few common reasons.
The hostage-taker might be emotionally or mentally disturbed. His or her specific reason fo
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
A.Negotiator
B.Communicator
C.Dependent learner
D.Contributor
听力原文： Man has a big brain. He can think and speak. Scientists used to think that men are different from animals because they can think and learn. They now know that animals can learn —dogs, rats, birds —and worms —can learn. So scientists are beginning to understand that men are different from animals because they can speak. Animals cannot speak. They make noises when they are afraid, or angry, or unhappy. Apes are our nearest cousins. They can understand some things more quickly than human beings, and one or two have learned a few words. But they are still different from us. They cannot join words and make sentences. They cannot think like us because they have no language. They can never think about the past or the future.Language is a wonderful thing. Man has been able to develop civilization because he has language. Every child can speak his own language very well when he is four or five —but no animal learns to speak. How do children learn？ Scientists do not really know. What happens when we speak？ Scientists do not know. They only know that man can speak because he has a big brain.
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A．Because he has a big brain.
B．Because he learns to speak.
C．Because he develops civilization.
D．Because he knows many words.
Who goes first and who follows, and the【C1】______to which women are "emancipated(解放)" are some of the remaining variables in today's social world in the West. Women in the West are reasonably accepted in the business world and even【C2】______so in society, in educational establishments, and in community endeavors. They take part in sport activities with their husbands and often travel【C3】______with them, even【C4】______business trips.【C5】______, despite their growing【C6】______of equality, most of them still expect, receive and cherish a【C7】______of small special courtesies(礼仪).
Many men still rise when ladies enter the room on a social【C8】______rarely【C9】______business【C10】______the custom is fading with the younger【C11】______and under the impact of Women's Lib. Nonetheless, most women(of all【C12】______)still appreciate this courtesy when it【C13】______.
Men usually open doors【C14】______ladies, but they stand back and allow them【C15】______through first. This may be different in China, for the Chinese women traditionally【C16】______the men. Women in the West usually walk【C17】______of men into a room or theatre or restaurant【C18】______there is business to be done--such as choosing a table,【C19】______tickets or buying something. Then the man goes ahead to【C20】______to the details.
【C1】
A．fact
B．extent
C．situation
D．condition
n of another person can be a great asset in the communication process. By being aware () different signs and expressions () a person gives verbally and non-verbally, a negotiator can adjust his/her approach and the negotiation can go smoothly. If () , it may be helpful for negotiation partners to spend time together in a comfortable atmosphere outside of the negotiation room. Being familiar with another person helps you to () the differences between verbal and non-verbal communication within the negotiation atmosphere.
1.The best title for the passage is ()
A.Benefits on Both Sides
B.Art of Negotiation
C.Skills of Communication
D.How to Be a Good Negotiator
2.Negotiators’ good rapport can make it easy for negotiators()
A.to make them fully understood
B.to make necessary concession
C.to create a positive environment
D.to increase negotiators’ status
3.If we understand that the some real benefits of a deal may come much later()
A.we will take a long term view in the negotiation
B.we will pay more attention to the benefits on both sides
C.we will try much harder to improve the agreement
D.we will try to change the relationship with the other party
4.Many poor negotiators may not make any concession for themselves in that ()
A.they are afraid of losing face
B.they have no clear objectives
C.they are not flexible
D.they are not skillful
5.Good negotiators are usually very persuasive and eloquent in order to()
A.work out ways to resolve problems
B.make sure that everything is understood
C.have better communication with their partners
D.avoid the breakdown of the negotiation
