The high cost of urban transportation has invariably fallen most heavily on the poorest cl

The high cost of urban transportation has invariably fallen most heavily

on the poorest classes, who pay a higher proportion of family income to 【S1】______

transportation, and often cannot find adequate means of reaching

employment. In modern industrial centers new jobs tend to locate away from 【S2】______

file congested districts where the poor traditionally live.

Normally walking speed for a man has remained at about 3.1 miles per

hour at the beginning of recorded history. Horses and horse-drawn omnibuses 【S3】______

raised the speed of travel to approximately 6 miles per hour. Buses and

trolleys providing average speeds of 5 to 6 miles per hour in rush-hour traffic 【S4】______

to 12-14 miles per hour on most city streets in other time periods. Speed of

up to 50 miles per hour are often reached by buses in outlying streets of large

cities, but schedule speeds, which include stopping times, are much higher. 【S5】______

Studies of relative speeds of principle mid 20th-century urban-transit

modes showed average automobile speeds of up to 10 miles per hour,

compare with 16 miles per hour for suburban rail roads, and substantially less 【S6】______

for other mass transit. When doubtless valid statistically, such studies are 【S7】______

misleading because of the different functions of the different types of transit

To gain a real picture of urban transit speeds in a city like Paris or New York

would require a rationale that included a number of persons moved per mile, 【S8】______

how near the center of the city the movement took place, and aim station

spacing. Broadly speaking, what may be said that while speed of movement, 【S9】______

especially during rush hours, still leaves something to be desired in most

cities, it is as critical a problem as that of costs. 【S10】______

【S1】