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Kenneth Keniston, chairman of the Carnegie Council on Children, has referred to television as the "flickering blue parent occupying more of the waking hours of American children than any other single influence -- including both parents and schools". Singer and Singer have characterized it as "a member of the family".
How much television and what kinds of programs do children watch？ The answer depends on many factors, including children's age and season of the year. According to Winick and Winick, school-age children watch television between seventeen and thirty hours a week. For preschool children it is often as high as fifty four hours a week. Nancy 'Larrick, a reading specialist and children' s author, has pointed out that "by the time the child goes to kindergarten, he or she will have devoted more hours to watching television than a college student spends in tour years of classes... And by the time the youngster graduates from high school, he or she will have spent roughly 11,000 hours in school compared to more than 22,000 hours in front of television."
Children are not just watching so-called children' s programs. On the contrary, according to figures re- leased by the A.C. Nielsen Company, only 13 percent of television viewing among six-to-eleven-year-old children occurs on Saturday between eight A.M. and one P.M.. The largest portion of their viewing, 33 percent, takes place between eight and eleven P.M. Monday through Saturday and between seven and eleven P.M. on Sunday.
Who selects the programs that children watch？ According to Bower, when mothers and children watch together, the mother makes selections in 37 percent of the cases; joint decisions occur 27 percent of the time; 33 percent of the time children decide by themselves. In a study by Lyle and Hoffman, over 60 of mothers of first-graders reported that they placed no restrictions on the amount of time they permitted their children to watch television.
Teachers, schools, and parent associations have become increasingly concerned about the effects of television on school performance. Based on their class-room experiences, many teachers have reported mounting incidences of fatigue, tension, and aggressive behavior, as well as lessened spontaneity and imagination.
The author uses the "flickering blue parent" in Para. 2 to imply that_____.
A．television is very kind and gentle
B．television is like loving parents
C．television occupies too much time of children
D．parents should learn from television
What will Kenneth Ginsburg most probably suggest that parents should do？
A．Avoid setting firm rules.
B．Avoid ruling with an iron grip.
C．Set rules after family discussion.
D．Set rules that are easy to understand.
What question does John Kenneth Galbraith raise in his book The Affluent Society？
A．Why statistics don’t tell the truth about the economy.
B．Why affluence doesn’t guarantee happiness.
C．How happiness can be promoted today.
D．What lies behind an economic boom.
德国格式塔心理学派的代表人物之一为
A.克夫卡(Kurt Koffka)
B.穆恩(Norman Munn)
C.克拉科和米勒(Kenneth Clarkand George Miller)
D.詹姆斯(William James)
E.华生(John Watson，1919)
提出“情绪学说”的美国著名机能主义创始人为
A、克夫卡(Kurt Koffka)
B、穆恩(Norman Munn)
C、克拉科和米勒(Kenneth Clarkand George Miller)
D、詹姆斯(William James)
E、华生(John Watson，1919)
fessionals reveal their favorite methods.
Comfort with food. When diet expert Judith Wurtman is stressed out, she does what a lot of people do this time of year: she reaches for food .But in her case, it’s a healthy rice cake or two. “My research suggests that carbohydrates (碳水化合物) raise levels of a brain chemical, which has a calming effect on the entire body,” says the MIT research scientist. “So signs of stress — such as anger, tension, and inability to focus — are eased.”
Run from your problems. Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper, who popularized aerobics (有氧运动) through his1968 book by that name, handles his own stress with a daily after-work run. He knows that physical activity reduces anxiety and depression. “Aerobic exercise is the best way to dissipate stress,”says Cooper.
Look to the light side. On his way to the hospital where his father was to have surgery Joel Goodman shared a hotel bus with anxious relatives of several patients. The driver began telling his stressed-out passengers a few jokes. “Then he did some magic tricks that had my mother and me laughing.” Goodman says. “In that five-minute ride he taught us that humor can lessen our stress.”
The surgery was successful, and Goodman was so moved by his experience that he researched laughter’s power. “A good laugh relaxes muscles, reduces blood pressure, restrains stress-related hormones and enhances the immune system (免疫系统),” he says.
Go green. Coffee, loaded with hidden sources of caffeine, stimulates (刺激) the nervous system and can make you feel stressed more easily. That’s why Arizona Doctor Andrew Weil, author of best seller Spontaneous Healing, does not take caffeine. “When I want gentle energy, I drink green tea. It contains a caffeine-like element”, Weil says. It also contains compounds that, some studies suggest, have anti-cancer effects.
16. The following are ways to free you from stress EXCEPT__________.
A. looking at things in a more relaxed way
B. getting a lot of sleep during the day
C. eating some food with carbohydrates
D. doing some aerobic exercise
17. Eating or drinking the following can be helpful in freeing you from stress EXCEPT________.
A. drink green tea B. eat some bread
C. eat some rice cake D. drink a lot of coffee
18. A good laugh is very helpful EXCEPT to__________.
A. reduce blood pressure B. restrain stress-related hormones
C. enhance the immune system D. take a holiday
19. What is the meaning of the word “dissipate” in the part “Rum from your problems”？
A. lessen. B. Depress. C. Disturb. D. Level.
20. Which of the following group of people can have a happier life, according to passage？
A. Those who are continuously eating something.
B. Those who are always engaged in working.
C. Those who use right methods to reduce tension.
D. Those who study medicine or psychology.
A.Why statistics dont tell the truth about the economy.
B.Why affluence doesnt guarantee happiness.
C.How happiness can be promoted today.
D.What lies behind an economic boom.
听力原文： Hungry for the brightest students, (26)many American stronger universities are actively discounting tuition. And it's the high achievers, rather than the needy students, who are getting a good chunk of the money. The practice is remarkably widespread, reaching almost(27)all but the 30 or so Ivy and other elite colleges that ban merit-based financial aid. Schools are also becoming more aggressive in promoting their discounts. At the DePauw University Website, enter an SAT or ACT score. grade point average and class rank, and a computer program immediately tells you what kind of“ award”. Only“ the real unlucky” pay full price any more, says Kenneth Redd, director of research at the National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators.(29)About 76% of first-year students got some forms of discount this year at 331 private schools polled annually by the National Association of College and University Business Officers. Average award per student：$7000.At small schools with tuition under about$20000, the average discount is even higher, with some schools returning over half their tuition revenue.
Much as banks and insurers offer special rates to their best customers, schools are giving the biggest breaks to their top students.(29)Public four year colleges, too, are offering discounts.
(28)The flip side of big discounts is that less money is available to improve academic programs and keep school infrastructure up to date. Mr. Redd says he found that universities that have sharply increased their tuition discount rates have seen graduation rates fall, and that's I rue even among highly selective schools.
(33)
A．Students in need of financial help.
B．Students with good academic performance.
C．Students good at negotiating with universities.
D．Students with special contributions.
According to the retailers, the shoppers are ______ with their money.
A．pessimistic
B．restrained
C．hopeful
D．miserly
