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Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal bu

t that the gesture we use is understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon(召唤) a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.

Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying German after World War Ⅱ and marked the GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.

Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take no notice of the tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.

Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual(多语的)guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.

When we go abroad, we tend to cluster(聚集)in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives— usually the richer — who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy(外交的), are conducted through interpreters.

For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.

But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper land.

It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably______.

A．stand still

B．jump aside

C．step forward

D．draw back

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更多“Our culture has caused most Am…”相关的问题
第1题
Television has invaded our culture so completely that that it even has effect on ______.A．

Television has invaded our culture so completely that that it even has effect on ______.

A．the literary world

B．foreign countries

C．the highly-educated people

D．those who don't watch TV at all

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第2题
听力原文：In the case of mobile phones，change is everything．Recent research indicates that

听力原文： In the case of mobile phones，change is everything．Recent research indicates that the mobile phone is changing not only our culture，but our very bodies as well.

First, let's talk about culture．The difference between the mobile phone and its parent，the fixed-line phone is，you get whoever answers it This has several implications．The most common one，however，and perhaps the thing that has changed our culture forever，is the “meeting” influence．People no longer need to made firm plans about when and where to meet．Twenty years ago，a Friday night would need to be arranged in advance．Now，however．a night out can be arranged on the run．Texting changes people as well．In theft paper "Insights into the Social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging"，two British researchers distinguished between two types of mobile phone users：the “talkers” and the "texters"—those who prefer voice to text message and those who prefer text to voice．They found that the mobile phone's individuality and privacy gave texters the ability to express a whole Flew outer personality．Texters were likely to report that their family would be surprised if they were to read their texts．

Another scientist wrote of the changes that mobiles have brought to body language．There are two kinds that people use while speaking on the phone．There is the "speakeasy"：the head is held high，in a self-confident way，chatting away．And them is the "spacemaker"：these people focus on themselves and keep out other people．

(33)

A．It is affecting our health seriously.

B．It hinders our reading and writing.

C．It is changing our bodies as well as our culture.

D．It surprises people with unexpected messages.

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第3题
-The drunk driver wishes he（)so many injuries in the accident. -But he（)． A. hadn't caus

-The drunk driver wishes he()so many injuries in the accident.

-But he()．

A. hadn't caused; had B.didn't cause; did

C. hasn't caused; did

D.hasn't caused; has

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第4题
听力原文：In the case of mobile phones, change is everything. [32] Recent research indicate

听力原文： In the case of mobile phones, change is everything. [32] Recent research indicates that the mobile phone is changing not only our culture, but our very bodies as well.

First. let's talk about culture. The difference between the mobile phone and its parent, the fixed-line phone is, you get whoever answers it. This has several implications. The most common one, however, and perhaps the thing that has changed our culture forever, is the "meeting" influence. [33] People no longer need to make firm plans about when and where to meet. Twenty years ago, a Friday night would need to be arranged in advance. [33] Now, however, a night out can be arranged on the run. Texting changes people as well. In their paper "In sights into the Social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging", two British researchers distinguished between two types of mobile phone users: the "talkers" and the "texters"—those who prefer voice to text message and those who prefer text to voice. [34] They found that the mobile phone's individuality and privacy gave texters the ability to express a whole new outer personality. Texters were likely to report that their family would be surprised if they were to read their texts.

Another scientist wrote of the changes that mobiles have brought to body language. There are two kinds that people use while speaking on the phone. There is the "speakeasy": the head is held high, in a selfconfident way. chatting away 133]And there is the "spacemaker": these people focus on themselves and keep out other people.

(33)

A．It is affecting our health seriously.

B．It hinders our reading and writing.

C．It is changing our bodies as well as our culture.

D．It surprises people with unexpected messages.

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第5题
根据下列材料，请回答下列各题 Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, be
liefs, and ways of life of a given group of humanbeings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist (人类学家), there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy (等级制度) among languages. People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage undeveloped forms of speech, consistinglargely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is afact established by the study of "backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Mostlanguages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious piecesof machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns orgrammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, whichreflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to benoted: All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together wordsalready in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. Theobjects and activities requiring names and distinctions in "backward" languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated, A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees ofremoteness ("this"and "that"); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to thespeaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future. This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy. According to the author, one culture or language has no________

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第6题
What will be the impact of a global computer network on cultural forms？ The construction
of exclusive information societies has restarted【M1】______ the debate about cultural diversity by renewing the common perception and evolution of this elusive term We shall focus on the meaning of the two words "diversity" and "culture". Diversity is often perceived as disparity, variation, singularity, that is, the opposite of uniformity and【M2】______ homogeneity. In its first and literal sense, cultural diversity then refers quite simply the multiplicity of cultures or cultural identities. This【M3】______ vision has now been replaced, though As for many experts "diversity" is not so much defined in opposite to "homogeneity". It is synonymous【M4】______ with dialogue and sharing values. In fact, the concept of cultural【M5】______ diversity, like that of biodiversity, goes on further, because it considers【M6】______ the multiplicity of cultures in a systemic perspective when each culture【M7】______ develops and evolves through contact with other cultures. As to culture, it draws its origins from the Latin word "cultura", that indicated the【M8】______ cultivation of fields and cattle. In the sixteenth century it acquires the meaning of the action of cultivating, or formation, which is at the【M9】______ source of the sense it is given today. So, culture has then come to mean that whole complexity of meanings, values and beliefs that determine【M10】______ how we do things and how we structure our ways of thinking.

【M1】

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第7题
听力原文：Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationshi

听力原文： Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For instance, in American culture the smile is typically an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other functions. A smile may show affection, convey politeness, or disguise true feelings. It is also a source of confusion across cultures. For example, many people in Russia consider smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even suspicious behavior. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places. Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong place; some Americans believe that Russians don't smile enough. In Southeast Asian cultures, a smile is frequently used to cover emotional pain or embarrassment.

Our faces reveal emotions and attitudes, but we should not attempt to "read" people from another culture as we would "read" someone from our own culture. The degree of facial expressiveness one exhibits varies among individuals and cultures. The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions. Rather, there are cultural restraints on the amount of nonverbal expressiveness permitted.

If we judge people whose ways of showing emotions are different according to our own cultural norms, we may make the mistake of "reading" the other person incorrectly.

(30)

A．The meaning of facial expressions depends on situations.

B．Facial expressions can cause misunderstanding across culture.

C．People from one culture may lack facial expressions because they experience lessemotions.

D．Facial expressions may disguise true feelings.

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第8题
Questions are based on the following passage.Romantic love has clear evolutionary roots
Questions are based on the following passage.Romantic love has clear evolutionary roots

Questions are based on the following passage.

Romantic love has clear evolutionary roots but our views about what makes an ideal romanticrelationship can be swayed by the society we.live in.So says psychologist Maureen O'Sullivan from theUniversity of San Francisco.She suggests that humans have always tried to strengthen the pair-bond tomaximise (使最大化) reproductive success.Many societies throughout history and around the world today have cultivated strong pressures tostay married.In those where ties to family and commtmity are strong, lifelong marriages can bepromoted by practices such as the cultural prohibition of divorce and arranged marriages that are seenas a contract between two families, not just two individuals.In modern western societies, however, thefocus on ndividuality and independence means that people are less concerned about conforming to (遵守 ) the dictates of family and culture.In the absence of societal pressures to maintain pair-bonds,O'Sullivan suggests that romantic love has increasingly come to be seen as the factor that shoulddetermine who we stay with and for how long."That's why historically we see an increase in romantic love as a basis for forming long-term relationships," she says.According to O'Sullivan culture also shapes the sorts of feelings we expect to have, and actually doexperience, when in love.Although the negative emotions associated with romantic love-fear of loss,disappointment and jealousy-are fairly consistent across cultures, the positive feelings can vary. "If youask Japanese students to list the positive attributes they expect in a romantic partner, they rate highlythings like loyalty, commitment and devotion," says O'Sullivan. "If you ask American college women,they expect everything under the sun: in addition to being committed, partners have to be amusing,funny and a friend."We judge a potential partner according to our specific cultural expectations about what romanticlove should feel like.If you believe that you have found true romance, and your culture tells you thatthis is what a long-term relationship should be based on, there is less need to rely on social or familypressures to keep couples together, O'Sullivan argues.

What does the author say about people's views of an ideal romantic relationship？

A.They vary from culture to culture.

B.They ensure the reproductive success.

C.They reflect the evolutionary process.

D.They are influenced by psychologists.

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第9题
听力原文：A lot of people think that cultural anthropology is just about studying the speci

听力原文： A lot of people think that cultural anthropology is just about studying the special and strange aspects of a society, but anthropologists are also interested in the aspects of life that seem so ordinary that the people in the society think they're not significant. Let me give you an example. I see lots of T-shirts here in class today, but you probably don't think of them as an important part of your culture, but anthropologists could learn a lot about the culture of the US just by studying the T-shirt. For one thing, T-shirts are a mark of how casual clothing has become in America. No one was quite sure where they came from, but the T-shirt first became popular in this country as an undershirt for Sellers in the 1940s. Then in the 1950s, it became a sign of rebellion for teenagers to wear this white undershirt by itself, not under anything. By the 1960s and 70s, T-shirts had become accepted as part of the uniform. views. You could even say that they came to symbolize that generation's attitude towards informality and all things, including dress. Another aspect that anthropologists would find interesting is that T-shirts are used to express personal opinions. Look around this room, you know who likes watching TV shows, who went where on vacation, who belongs to what organizations on campus. All of these aspects of our culture are printed on your T-shirts. OK, I want to stop for a minute and ask you to try to write down five different conclusions you could reach about American culture from just the T-shirts in this classroom.

(30)

A．The effect of ordinary aspects of life on anthropology.

B．A good source of information about a society.

C．Attitudes toward culture in the 1940's.

D．The relationship between anthropology and military.

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第10题
听力原文：M: Hello. （22) Today on Business Focus I am talking about Knowledge Management wi

听力原文：M: Hello. (22) Today on Business Focus I am talking about Knowledge Management with Ms. Twomey, who is the Human Resource Manager for a big company. Ms. Twomey, has Knowledge Management changed the way your company works？

W: Oh yes, since adopting Knowledge Management strategies, we have had to make many changes to the way we work, from changing the technology we use and the way we use it, to changing people's ideas about the best way to work.

M: And what has been the biggest challenge？

W: (23) Without a doubt it has been trying to get our staff to accept knowledge management practices. This was a tough challenge because our company had a culture which was not particularly open to the idea of knowledge management. So, I would say definitely the people side required the biggest change.

M: How were you able to overcome these problems？

W: Well, first we had to make sure that our people understood the competitive advantage the company stood to gain if we changed our way of working. We organized staff meetings in each of our offices to introduce the aims of the KM strategies we were going to adopt. As well as the personnel aspect of KM, (24) we also invested in new technology which made having online conferences easier to organize.

M: It sounds like it was a lot of work.

W: Indeed it was and in the beginning there were some problems, but we are really seeing (25) the benefits of implementing Knowledge Management now, as there is greater communication between the offices and people are realizing that if we all work together, we can achieve much better results.

M: Well, thank you, Ms. Twomey.

22．What are the speakers talking about？

23.What has been the biggest challenge for the woman？

24.What did the woman's company do to push KM besides personnel aspect？

25.What is one benefit of implementing KM in the woman's company？

(23)

A．The best ways to work.

B．Human resources.

C．Knowledge management.

D．Changing the technology.

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第11题
Cross-Cultural Communication ChallengesDefinition of CultureWe all communicate with others

Cross-Cultural Communication Challenges

Definition of Culture

We all communicate with others all the time--in our homes, in our workplaces, in the groups we belong to, and in the community. No matter how well we think we understand each other, communication is hard. Just think, for example, how often we hear things like; "He doesn't get it," or "She didn't really hear what I meant to say." "Culture" is often at the root of communication challenges. Our culture influences how we approach problems, and how we participate in groups and in communities. When we participate in groups we are often surprised at how differently people approach their work together.

Culture is a complex concept, with many different definitions. But, simply put, "culture" refers to a group or community with which we share common experiences that shape the way we understand the world. It includes groups that we are born into, such as gender, race, or national origin. It also includes groups we join or become part of. For example, we can acquire a new culture by moving to a new region, by a change in our economic status, or by becoming disabled. When we think of culture this broadly, we realize we all belong to many cultures at once.

Our histories are a critical piece of our cultures. Historical experiences--whether of five years ago or of ten generations back-- shape who we are. Knowledge of our history can help us understand ourselves and one another better. Exploring the ways in which various groups within our society have related to each other is key to opening channels for cross-cultural communication.

Six Fundamental Patterns of Cultural Differences

As people from different cultural groups take on the exciting challenge of working together, cultural values sometimes conflict. We can misunderstand each other, and react in ways that can hinder what are otherwise promising partnerships. Oftentimes, we aren't aware that culture is acting upon us. Sometimes, we are not even aware that we have cultural values or assumptions that are different from others!

？Different Communication Styles

The way people communicate varies widely between, and even within, cultures. One aspect of communication style. is language usage. Across cultures, some words and phrases are used in different ways. For example, even in countries that share the English language, the meaning of "yes" varies from "maybe, I'll consider it" to "definitely so," with many shades in between.

Another major aspect of communication style. is the degree of importance given to non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication includes not only facial expressions and gestures; it also involves seating arrangements, personal distance, and sense of time. In addition, different norms regarding the appropriate degree of assertiveness in communicating can add to cultural misunderstandings. For instance, some white Americans typically consider raised voices to be a sign that a fight has begun, while some black, Jewish and Italian Americans often feel that an increase in volume is a sign of an exciting conversation among friends. Thus, some white Americans may react with greater alarm of a loud discussion than would members of some American ethnic or non-white racial groups.

？Different Attitudes Toward Conflict

Some cultures view conflict as a positive thing, while others view it as something to be avoided. In the U.S., conflict is not usually desirable; but people often are encouraged to deal directly with conflicts that do arise. In fact, face-to-face meetings customarily are recommended as the way to work through whatever problems exist. In contrast, in many Eastern countries, open conflict is experienced as embarrassing or demeaning; as a rule, differences are best worked out quietly. A written exchange might be the favored means to address the

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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