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Although they plant trees in this area every year, ______________________(山顶仍然是光秃秃的).
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A．blank
B．hollow
C．vacant
D．bare
The new concepts grew out of the bioengineering of bacteria for the production of such things as human hormones and vaccines for viral diseases. Plant cells, however, are far more complex than bacteria, and it will probably take many years for today's encouraging laboratory results to have a major impact on the farm. In fact the payoff may not come until the next century.
But although bio-technologists are still in the earliest phases of this new field of science, they are already actively exploring ways to redesign plants so they will use sunlight mere efficiently, resist viruses and other pests, grow in hot or dry areas, in saline soils or in the presence of pesticides, and perhaps even make their own fertilizer out of nitrogen in the air. In addition, scientists have had early success in making wholly new plants that are unavailable by conventional plant breeding-a potato-tomato combination, for example.
The new technology holds the promise of virtually limitless horizons in food production. Only imagination sets the limits: frost-resistant wheat, tropical potatoes, saltwater rice, a plant producing a combination of a pea and a carrot-all may be with us one day.
Vaccines for viral diseases are often produced from ______.
A．plant cells
B．human hormones
C．crop plants
D．bacteria
(1)Which statement is correct according to paragraph one？
A、Broccoli was first bred by Mendel
B、Broccoli wasn’t considered edible until 500 years ago
C、Mendel's work was considered most important in the history of genetics
D、Mendel’s study found its major application some 100 years ago
(2)What was cited as a result of the green revolution？
A、Sharp rise in worldwide wheat production
B、Extensive use of organic fertilizer
C、Large-scale adoption of genetic modification
D、Commercial success of genetically modified seeds.
(3)Which statement is true of GenBank according to the passage？
A、The number of gene sequences has doubled since its foundation
B、The commercial breeders are its main sponsors
C、It is a genetic sequence database
D、It was founded in 2004
(4)It can be learned from the passage that the significance of genetic modification is ______.
A、questioned by some critics
B、poorly conveyed to the public
C、appreciated by all breeders
D、fully understood only by scientists
(5)The word “novel” in paragraph three is closest in meaning to ______.
A、artificial
B、various
C、hybrid
D、new
Why is it that under certain circumstances, the plant cover is unable to regenerate itself, thus setting the stage for serious erosion (腐蚀)？ To answer this question, let us take an extreme example, the destruction of tropical rain forests. In general, the equatorial (赤道附近的) soil is poor: forests can exist in these regions only because they are part of a balanced cycle. All that the forest produces is returned to the forest. The organic matter that falls from the trees constitutes the humus (腐殖土) that the forest requires. When people cut down all the trees to make room for crops, the soil is laid bare and, deprived of shade, heats up. An increase in soil temperature increases the rate of decomposition (分解) of organic matter. Organic nitrogen (氮) is converted into soluble ammonia (氨) and nitrates (硝酸盐), which the rains quickly leach (沥滤，溶滤)away. It has been calculated that a rise in temperature from 77 to 78.8 may increase the loss of nitrogen by fifteen to twenty pounds per acre per year. With the fertility of soil destroyed, an irreversible change from forest to desert can be initiated.
What do people usually think contributed to the decline of North Africa？
A．Human factors.
B．Economic factors.
C．Climatic factors.
D．Population factors.
Trees
To many, the word trees evokes images of such ancient, powerful, and majestic structures as the redwood and the giant sequoia (红杉), among the most massive and longest living organisms in the world. Although the majority of the Earth's biomass is represented by trees, the fundamental importance of these seemingly ubiquitous plants for the very existence and diversity of life on Earth is perhaps not fully appreciated. Our very biosphere is dependent on the metabolism, death, and recycling of plants, especially trees. Their vast trunks and root systems store carbon dioxide and water and respire oxygen into the atmosphere. The organic matter of the soil develops primarily from plant residues (that is, from decayed leaves, twigs, branches, roots, and fallen trees), which release important nutrients, such as nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen.
The tree is not an immutable biological category but rather a human concept based on visual criteria. Perhaps a general definition would describe a tree as a perennial(多年生的) woody plant that develops along a single main trunk to a height of at least 4.5 metres at maturity. This may be contrasted with a shrub, which might be loosely defined as a woody plant with multiple stems; in most cases, a shrub is less than 3 metres tall. However, a species fitting the description of either in one area of the world might not necessarily do so in other regions, since a variety of stresses shape the habit of the mature plant. Thus, a given woody species may be a tree in one set of habitats within its range and a shrub elsewhere. For example, the spruce and fir may thrive in the tree form. at the base of a mountain but assume a shrub form. near the mountain-top, the variation due principally to stresses exerted by such environmental conditions as altitude, temperature, and oxygen tension.
In the early stages of the development of terrestrial life, land plants were rootless and leafless, since they had their origins in aqueous environments, they did not require the specialized conducting and supporting tissues afforded by roots and stems, nor did they require localized regions of carbohydrate synthesis, since each cell was involved in metabolism, water and nutrient absorption, and respiration. Habitats farther from the water as well as aerial habitats represented available uninhabited environments.
One key to exploiting these habitats is large size. This, however, requires physiological and morphological (形态的) complexity. If all the tissues of massive tree trucks were alive, for example, the physiological cost of maintaining these structures in the living state would be enormous, and probably unattainable. The elegant solution came in the form. of tremendous structural adaptations, new tissues and organs permitted localization of the functions of the plant body.
The evolution of vascular tissues and localized regions of cell division permitted the strengthening and conducting tissue, called wood, to be dead, hollow, thick-walled tubes at functional maturity. Roots provided anchorage and absorption of sufficient amounts of water and nutrients to support the huge biomass of the tree. Stems were not only strong enough to support the tree and project it into ever higher habitats but conductive enough to transport the water and nutrients to the leaves at the very top of the tree.
The shape of a tree is an ecological construct as well, since its form. is dependent on the habitat and the stresses of the environment. Open-grown trees, such as those in gardens and parks, generally have foliage extending along the length of the trunk for a considerable distance. Forest trees, on the other hand, compete for growing space and generally have an expanse of foliage-free bole below a more limited tree crown. The aggregate of the tree crowns constitutes the canopy of the forest, and this may be displayed in a single layer or stratified (
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
At the date of acquisition, shares in Viagem and Greca had a stock market value of $6·50 and $2·50 each, respectively.
Income statements for the year ended 30 September 2012
The following information is relevant:
(i) At the date of acquisition, the fair values of Greca’s assets were equal to their carrying amounts with the exception of two items:
– An item of plant had a fair value of $1·8 million above its carrying amount. The remaining life of the plant at the date of acquisition was three years. Depreciation is charged to cost of sales.
– Greca had a contingent liability which Viagem estimated to have a fair value of $450,000. This has not changed as at 30 September 2012.
Greca has not incorporated these fair value changes into its financial statements.
(ii) Viagem’s policy is to value the non-controlling interest at fair value at the date of acquisition. For this purpose, Greca’s share price at that date can be deemed to be representative of the fair value of the shares held by the non-controlling interest.
(iii) Sales from Viagem to Greca throughout the year ended 30 September 2012 had consistently been $800,000 per month. Viagem made a mark-up on cost of 25% on these sales. Greca had $1·5 million of these goods in inventory as at 30 September 2012.
(iv) Viagem’s investment income is a dividend received from its investment in a 40% owned associate which it has held for several years. The underlying earnings for the associate for the year ended 30 September 2012 were $2 million.
(v) Although Greca has been profitable since its acquisition by Viagem, the market for Greca’s products has been badly hit in recent months and Viagem has calculated that the goodwill has been impaired by $2 million as at 30 September 2012.
Required:
(a) Calculate the consolidated goodwill at the date of acquisition of Greca.
(b) Prepare the consolidated income statement for Viagem for the year ended 30 September 2012. The following mark allocation is provided as guidance for these requirements:
(a) 7 marks
(b) 14 marks
(c) The carrying amount of a subsidiary’s leased property will be subject to review as part of the fair value exercise on acquisition and may be subject to review in subsequent periods.
Required:
Explain how a fair value increase of a subsidiary’s leased property on acquisition should be treated in the consolidated financial statements; and how any subsequent increase in the carrying amount of the leased property might be treated in the consolidated financial statements.
Note: Ignore taxation. (4 marks)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Air Pollution refers to the addition of harmful substances to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the environment, human health, and【S1】______of life. One of many forms of pollution, air pollution occurs inside homes, schools, and offices; in cities; across continents; and even【S2】______. Air pollution makes people sick—it causes breathing problems and【S3】______cancer—and it harms plants, animals, and the ecosystems (生态系统) in which they live. Some air pollutants return to earth in the form. of acid rain and snow, which destroy【S4】______and buildings, damage crops and forests, and make lakes and streams【S5】______for fish and other plant and animal life.
Pollution is changing Earth's atmosphere so that it lets in more harmful radiation from the Sun. At the same time, our polluted atmosphere is becoming a better insulator (绝缘体), which can【S6】______heat from escaping back into space and lead to a rise in global average temperatures. Scientists【S7】______that the temperature increase, referred to as global warming, will affect world food supply, alter sea level, make weather more【S8】______, and increase the spread of tropical disease.
Although the effects of future【S9】______change are unknown, some report that exaggerated weather conditions may【S10】______affect agriculture, for example, it may lead to severe drought and sharply decreasing agricultural yields in parts of Africa.
A) globally B) promotes C) predict D) unsuitable
E) science F) dramatically G) protect H) prevent
I) quality J) climate K) statues L) significant
M) powerful N) moderately O) extreme
【S1】
Foods That Fight Disease
With remarkable consistency, recent research has found that a diet high in plant -based foods—fruits, vegetables, dried peas and beans, grains, and starchy staples such as potatoes — is the body's best weapon in thwarting many health - related problems. These foods work against so many diseases that the same healthy ingredients you might use to protect your heart or ward off cancer will also benefit your intestinal tract and bones.
Here's what is currently known about these different disease -fighting foods. Cancer Fighters
Preventing cancer is a compelling reason to load up your cart in the produce department. Scientists have recently estimated that approximately 30 to 40 percent of all cancers could be averted if people ate more fruits, vegetables, and plant - based foods and minimized high -fat, high -calorie edibles that have scant nutritional value. Up to 70 percent of cancers might be eliminated if people also stopped smoking, exercised regularly, and controlled their weight.
In the past, researchers had linked fat consumption with the development of cancers, but they currently believe that eating fruits, vegetables, and grains may be more important in preventing the disease than not eating fat. "The evidence about a high- fat diet and cancer seemed a lot stronger several years ago than it does now," says Melanie Polk, a registered dietitian and director of nutrition education at the American Institute for Cancer Research.
Although scientists are still not certain about the specifics, they're beginning to close in on the healthful constituents of plant- based foods. In particular, they're looking closely at two components antioxidants and phytochemicals.
Antioxidants. The antioxidants (carotenoids, such as beta carotene and lycopene, and vitamins C and E) found in fruits, vegetables, and other plant -based foods fight free radicals, which are compounds in the body that attack and destroy cell membranes. The uncontrolled activity of free radicals is believed to cause many cancers.
The carotenoids, in particular, which give fruits and vegetables their bright yellow, orange, and red colors, are now gaining recognition for their nutritional worth. Numerous studies have extolled the virtues of lycopene (the carotenoid that makes tomatoes red) in preventing prostate cancer. One such study at Harvard University found that men who include tomato products in their meals twice a week could reduce their risk of developing prostate cancer by one third compared with men who never touch tomatoes.
Other lycopene - rich foods, such as watermelon, red grapefruit, and guava, are now piquing the interest of researchers. Watermelon not only yields more lycopene per serving (15 mg in 11/2 cups) than raw tomatoes (11 mg per 11/2 cups), but it's also a rich source of vitamins A and C.
Can watermelon help reduce the incidence of cancer？ No one knows for sure because there haven' t been sufficient studies. "We assume that we'll see benefits," says Penelope Perkins Veazie, Ph. D., a research scientist with the USDA's Agricultural Research Service. Researchers there plan to compare people who eat watermelon with those who eat processed tomatoes because cooking enhances lycopene absorption—o see which group absorbs more lycopene. (A 11/2 cup serving of tomato sauce packs 53 mg of lycopene. )
Phytochemicals. The phytochemicals present in fruits and vegetables protect the body by stunting the growth of malignant cells. Phytochemicals, naturally occurring substances, include indoles ([生化]吲哚) in cabbage or cauliflower, saponins ([生化]皂角苷 ) in peas and beans, and isoflavones (异黄酮) in soy milk and tofu. Investigators have only an inkling of how many phytochemicals exist and how they work. They are confident, however, that you can get a basketful of anti- cancer nutrients by mi
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
A.the ability to read and write
B.the ability to use
C.literature
D.the knowledge of language
