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In most systems of medicine, the healer artfully evokes the patient's powers of self-sugge

stion, which are responsible for whatever healing may occur. This mysterious gift of self-healing is cloaked with an anodyne(止痛的) label, the "placebo effect", and recognized only as a nuisance likely to confound clinical trials. But the placebo (Latin for "I will please" ) and its shadowy twin the nocebo ("I will harm" ) are much more than methodological problems: they lie at the heart of every interaction between doctor and patient.

How they work no one knows. But the brain rules the body in many subconscious ways, including its control of the body's major hormones and its subtle influence over the immune system. So it's possible that, in ways yet unknown, expectations about health or disease are sometimes translated in to a bodily reaction that fulfils them. The power of these effects is hard to overstate.

A rule of thumb is that 30 percent of patients in the placebo half of a drug trial (i. e. those who unknowingly receive a dummy pill instead of the real thing) will experience all improvement in symptoms. But the proportion may be much higher. Just like real drugs, placebo pills can produce stronger effects in larger doses. Patients will report greater relief when given a larger pill, or two dummy capsules instead of one.

Doctors' expectations also contribute to the awesome power of the placebo effect. In a study of tooth extraction, patients were given either a painkiller or sham drugs. Some dentists were assigned to give either drug, without knowing which, but other dentists knew they would be giving only sham drugs. The patients whose dentists thought they had at least a 50-50 chance of giving a painkiller suffered significantly less pain. Presumably, doctors transmit their expectations to the patient through subtle cues, often without knowing they are doing so.

Placebo and noeebo ______.

A．only exist in people's imagination

B．were medicines used by Latin people

C．are very effective in healing

D．are hated by both doctors and patients

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更多“In most systems of medicine, t…”相关的问题

第1题

听力原文：W: Whereas European nations have traditionally employed metric units such as mete

rs and grams, the United States has employed English units such as feet and pounds.

M: Both systems are now in use in the U.S. though.

Q: What are the two people most probably discussing？

(18)

A．Weights and measurement.

B．Political system.

C．Employment.

D．Money.

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第2题

In most of Asian belief systems, there is an essential part of ______.

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第3题

听力原文：M: Ozone is an extremely active gas comprised of three atoms of oxygen. Ozone exi

sts naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere, the stratosphere, where it shields the Earth from the sun's ultraviolet rays. However, ozone found close to the Earth's surface, called ground-level ozone, is a component of smog and a harmful substance.

W: What is the ground-level ozone？ Where does it come from？

M: Ground-level ozone is a colorless gas that can be found in the air we breathe. It is formed through a complex chemical reaction between volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight. It is hard to be watched by eyes.

W: Who is considered most at risk from exposure to ground-level ozone？

M: Children are the most at risk from exposure to ground-level ozone: Their respiratory systems are still developing and they breathe more air per pound of body weight than adults.

W: From what you've just said, can I infer that ground-level ozone is closely related to summer, the hot days？

M: Ground-level ozone is a summer time problem; children spend most of the summer outside playing at summer camps, playgrounds, and neighborhood parks and in backyards.

W: How do I know when ground-level ozone concentrations are high？

M: Ground-level ozone concentrations tend to be especially high during summer when the weather is hot and sunny.

W: Is there any organization providing relevant information？

M: The staff from the departments concerned has developed a procedure to inform. the public about expected ground-level ozone readings. Each afternoon from May 1st through September 15th, the staff retrieve and review monitored ozone data and weather forecast information. Then they develop ground-level ozone forecasts for the following day.

(23)

A．It exists close to the surface of the Earth.

B．It is a component of smog and a harmful substance.

C．It is a kind of yellow gas.

D．It is formed through a complex reaction.

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第4题

The U.S. has to deal with the problems arising from vehicle use because ________.A)

The U.S. has to deal with the problems arising from vehicle use because ________.

A) most Americans are reluctant to switch to public transportation systems

B) the present level of oil prices is considered unacceptable

C) other countries will protest its increasing greenhouse emissions

D) it should take a lead in conserving natural resources

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第5题

听力原文：The climate of the west coast is the most moderate in Canada. Summers are coast a

听力原文： The climate of the west coast is the most moderate in Canada. Summers are coast and fairly dry and winters are mild, cloudy and wet. Even in mid-winter, average temperatures are usually above freezing.

The central plain from the Rocky Mountains to Great Lakes is characterized by cold winters, short but hat summers, and light snow and rain.The large water-surfaces of Central and Eastern Canada produce considerable modification in the climate. Southern Ontario and Quebec experience cold, damp winters and hot, humid summers.

Most of Atlantic Canada has a humid climate owing to its marine character. Nevertheless, it experiences weather systems arriving from the dry continental interior as well as from the sea. The combined influence of these systems creates some of the most variable day-to-day weather conditions to be encountered anywhere in Canada.

The north-central part of Canada is usually snow-covered for more than half of the year, with a frost flee period of barely two months. Rain is relatively light. Further north, on the islands along the Arctic coast and round Hudson Bay, the land is always frozen. Average temperatures stay above freezing for only a few weeks of the year. The Arctic Islands and the northern border of the mainland do not have a summer season of the kind known in Southern Canada.

(33)

A．The Arctic coast.

B．The west coast.

C．The east coast.

D．The central plain.

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第6题

Joan is a system administrator who administrators a network of NT and Linux servers.Jo

an is attempting to use Samba to allow the Linux systems to communicate with NT.Joan has Samba setup but user level security is not working properly.Which of the following is the most likely problem？()

A.Samba expects in encrypted passwords whereas Windows NT sends passwords in clear-key after service pack 3.0

B.Samba is not completely installed, user level security is the final element in the installation routine.

C.Samba does not accommodate user level security.

D.Samba expects clear text passwords whereas Windows NT sends encrypted passwords.

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第7题

听力原文：In all economic systems today, most businesses of any size rely on one system of

听力原文： In all economic systems today, most businesses of any size rely on one system of organization: the division of labor. This means that the workers are specialized. Each worker has a particular duty to perform. as one part of the whole operation.

A good example of the division of labor is an assembly line in an automobile factory. One worker may install a door while another adds lights. Normally, workers stay in one place, and a conveyor belt moves the product to them. If one worker had the responsibility of producing an entire car, he or she might be able to complete one each year. By comparison, factories with assembly lines may produce an average of about thirty-five cars a years per worker.

The division of labor permits mass production, but it does have some disadvantages. For one thing, few people know or understand all aspects of an operation, In addition, mass production may be more efficient, but many workers complain that they get little job satisfaction from working on one small duty, day after day, To them, there is much more satisfaction in doing a job from beginning to end.

(33)

A．The division of labor means that workers are general.

B．The division of labor means that workers are specialized.

C．The division of labor means that each worker is in charge of the whole operation.

D．The division of labor means each worker has to be an expert in one area.

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第8题

AutomationThe term automation was coined around 1946 by the automobile industry to describ

Automation

The term automation was coined around 1946 by the automobile industry to describe the increased use of automatic devices and controls in mechanized production lines. Today, it is widely used in a manufacturing context but is also applied outside of manufacturing in connection with a variety of systems in which there is a significant substitution of mechanical, electrical, or computerized action for human effort and intelligence. An operation is commonly described as automated if it is Substantially more automatic than its predecessor.

In its most general usage, automation can be defined as a technology concerned with carrying out a process by means of programmed commands combined with the automatic feedback of data relating to the execution of those commands. The resulting system is capable of operating without human intervention. The development of this technology has become increasingly dependent on the use of computers and computer-related technologies. As a consequence, automated systems have become sophisticated and complex. Advanced systems of this sort now represent a level of capability and performance that surpass in many ways the abilities of humans to accomplish the same activities.

Automation technology has matured to a point where a number of other technologies have developed from it and have achieved a recognition and status of their own. Robotics is one such technology. It is a specialized branch of automation in which the automated machine possesses certain characteristics. The most typical humanlike characteristic of a modern industrial robot is its powered mechanical arm. The robot's arm can be programmed to do a sequence of motions to perform. useful tasks, such as loading and unloading parts at a production machine or making a sequence of spot-welds on the body of an automobile. The robot will repeat the motion pattern until it is reprogrammed to perform. some alternative task. As these examples of robot applications suggest, an industrial robot is typically used to replace a human worker in a factory operation.

The field of robotics has its roots in the development of automation technology. Numerical control (NC) and telecherics are two important areas of technology that constitute the foundations of robotics technology.

Over the years, the social merits of automation have been argued by labour leaders, government officials, business executives, and college professors. No doubt the biggest controversy has focused on the employment issue: What is the effect of automation on employment？ There are other important aspects of the automation issue as well, including its effect on productivity, economic competition, education, and quality of life.

The advantages commonly attributed to automation include increased production rates, more efficient use of materials, better product quality, improved safety, shorter workweeks for labour, and reduction of factory lead times.

Automated machines are usually designed to operate at higher production rates than humans are capable of achieving. This increased productivity has been one of the biggest reasons for justifying the adoption of automated systems. Notwithstanding the claims of high quality from good workmanship by humans, automated systems are generally capable of carrying out the manufacturing process with less variability that humans make, thus yielding greater control and consistency of product quality. In addition, the increased process control makes possible more efficient use of materials, resulting in less waste.

Automated manufacturing systems often, remove workers from the workplace, thus safeguarding them against hazards in the work environment. In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) was enacted with the objective of making work safer and protecting the physical well-being of the worker on a

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第9题

Space enthusiasts look to the day when ordinary people, as well professional astronauts an

d members of Congress, can leave Earth behind and head for a space station resort, or maybe a base on the moon or Mars. The Space transportation Association, an industry lobbying group, recently created a division devoted to promoting space tourism, which it sees as a possible way to spur economic development beyond Earth.

The great stumbling block in this road to stars, however, is the sheer difficulty of getting anywhere in space. Merely achieving orbit is an expensive and risky proposition. Current space propulsion(推进)technologies make it a stretch to send probes to distant destinations within the solar system. Spacecraft have to follow multiyear, indirect paths that loop around several planes in order to gain velocity from gravity assists. Then the craft lack the energy to come back. Sending spacecraft to other solar systems would take many centuries.

Fortunately, engineers have no shortage of inventive plans for new propulsion systems that might someday expand human presence beyond this planet. Some axe radical refinements of current rocket or jet technologies. Others harness nuclear energies or would ride on powerful laser beams. Even the equivalents of "space elevators" for hoisting cargoes into orbit are on the drawing board.

"Reach low orbit and you are halfway to anywhere in the Solar System," science-fiction author Robert A. Heinlein wrote, and virtually all analysts agree that inexpensive access to low-Earth orbit is vital first step, because most possible situations for expanding humankind's reach depend on the orbital assembly of massive spacecraft or other equipment, involving multiple launches.

The need for better launch systems is already immediate, driven, by private and public sector demand. Most commercial payloads(有效荷载) are destined either for the now crowded stationary orbit, where satellites push for elbow room 36,000 kilometers above the equator, or for low-Earth orbit, just a few hundred kilometers up. Low-Earth orbit is rapidly becoming a space enterprise zone, because satellites that close can transmit signals to handheld receivers. Scientific payloads are also taking off in a big way. More than 50 major observatories and explorations to other solar systems bodies will lift off within the next decade.

The passage is mainly about ______.

A．the development of space' technology

B．the obstacles and prospects of space transportation

C．the public interests in space travel

D．the growth of space business

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第10题

Under normal conditions the act of communication requires the presence of at least two

persons: one who sends and one who receives the communication. In order to communicate thoughts and feelings, there must be a conventional system of signs or symbols which mean the same to the sender and the receiver.The means of sending communications are too numerous and varied for systematic classification; therefore, the analysis must begin with the means of receiving communication. Reception of communication is achieved by our senses. Sight, hearing, and touch play the most important roles. Smell and taste play very limited roles, for they cannot receive intellectual expression from fully developed systems of signs and symbols.Examples of visual communication are gesture and mimicry. Although both frequently accompany speech, there are systems that rely solely on sight, such as those used by deaf and dumb persons. Another means of communicating visually is by signals of fire, smoke, flags, or flashing lights. Feelings may be simply communicated by touch, such as by handshaking or backslapping, although a highly developed system of handstroking has enabled blind, deaf, and dumb persons to communicate intelligently. Whistling to someone, applauding in a theater, and other forms of communication by sound rely upon the ear as a receiver. The most fully developed form. of auditory communication is, of course, the spoken language.The means of communication mentioned so far have two features in common: they last only a short time, and the persons involved must be relatively close to each other. Therefore, all are restricted in time and space.

1.The author explains that he will deal with reception of communication first because ____.

A、communication actually takes place when the message is received

B、there are more means of receiving than of sending communications

C、reception of communication involves use of the senses.

D、it is difficult to list all the possible means of sending communications

2.Persons who cannot see, hear, or speak are able to communicate through a system of ____.

A、gesturing

B、handshaking

C、backslapping

D、handstroking

3.The author specifically mentions that speech is ____.

A、less important than the written form. of language

B、assisted by touch, gesture, etc

C、the only highly developed system of communication

D、the most developed form. of communication based on hearing

4.Which of the following statements about communication by touch is TRUE____.

A、Touch is less important than taste as a means of communication.

B、There is no well-developed system of communication based on touch.

C、It is possible to communicate intelligently by touch alone.

D、Touch must accompany visual communication.

5.Which of the following statements about the ways of communicating ideas and feelings mentioned in the passage is FALSE____.

A、They can be used to communicate over long distances.

B、They require both a sender and a receiver.

C、They involve use of conventional signs and symbols.

D、They utilize the senses for reception.

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第11题

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. It is a curious paradox that we thi

nk of the physical sciences as “hard”, the social sciences as “soft”, and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earth’s social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.

In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, of even of earth’s geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data comes in and new theories are worked out. If we define the “security” our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order of hardness and see the social sciences as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we see distant things as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme.

Even in regard to such a close neighbour as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure.

第31题：The word “paradox” (Para. 1, Line 1) means “________”.

A) implication

B) contradiction

C) interpretation

D) confusion

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