题目内容
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Less developed countries ______.
A．devote a large portion of their budget to applied research
B．realize that progress depends on basic research
C．encourage their career scientists to experiment
D．devote less than 70% of their scientific budget to basic research
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Humanity's primal (原始的) efforts to systematize the concepts of size, shapes, and number are usually regarded as the earliest mathematics. However, the concept of number and the counting process developed so long【C1】______ the time of recorded history (there is archaeological【C2】______ that counting was employed by humans as far back as 50,000 years ago) that the【C3】______ of this development is largely conjectural (好推测的). Imaging how it probably came【C4】______ is not difficult. The argument that humans, 【C5】______ in prehistoric times, had some number sense, at least【C6】______ the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less when some objects were【C7】______ to or taken away from a small group, seems fair, for studies have shown that some animal possesses such a【C8】______ .
With the【C9】______ evolution of society, simple counting became necessary. A tribe had to know how many members it had and how many enemies, and shepherd needed to know【C10】______ the flock of sheep was decreasing in size. Probably the earliest way of keeping a count was by some simple tally (计算, 记录) method,【C11】______ the principle of one-to-one corre-spondence. In【C12】______ a count of sheep, for example, one finger per sheep could be【C13】______ . Counts could also be【C14】______ by making scratches in the dirt or on a stone, by cutting notches in a piece of wood, or by tying knots in a string.【C15】______ , perhaps later, an assortment of vocal【C16】______ was developed as a word tally against the number of objects in, a small group. And【C17】______ later, with the development of writing, a set of【C18】______ was invented to stand for these numbers. Such an imagined development is【C19】______ by reports of anthropologists in their studies of present-day societies that are【C20】______ to be similar to those of early humans.
【C1】
A．after
B．before
C．ahead
D．ago
A．Many species have developed a habit of migration.
B．Many species have become less sensitive to climate.
C．Many new species have come into existence.
D．Many species have moved further north.
It is easier to locate its original nuclear settlement of a small town ______.
A．because it began as a small settlement
B．because it is less developed
C．because of its small size
D．because of its location
A.The redefining of doctors" roles．
B.Overuse of less effective medicines．
C.Conflicts between doctors and patients．
D.The prolonging of patients" suffering．
What will probably happen to workers in developed countries in the happy ending？
A．They will get higher wages.
B．They will have less competition.
C．They will get a bigger share of the national income.
D．They will enjoy a faster increase in payment.
In the author's opinion, ______.
A．playing chess shows computer's program has been developed into a new stage
B．it is practically possible now that computer can win every chess game now
C．computers even with less than complete data can be programmed to defeat the world champion chess player______.
D．computers can be programmed to play and reason but not learn
What applicants does the author think MBA programmes should consider recruiting？
A．Applicants with prior experience in business companies.
B．Applicants with sound knowledge in math and statistics.
C．Applicants from outside the traditional sectors.
D．Applicants from less developed regions and areas.
Culture and nurture count in making us what we turn out to be, although that will perhaps come as no great surprise to those outside the close world of academic theory.
This part of the rediscovery of the wheel, since before positivism largely took over the social sciences in American universities in the 1950s, it was generally assumed by professors. As well as laymen, that culture had a great deal to do with how material civilization developed. Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:" We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing. '
That argument, however, relied on historical evidence and reasoning, which had come to be considered "soft" knowledge--unscientific, subjective, itself culture-bound--and, even more recently, as a self-serving tale told by white male parent in order to oppress the rest.
To suggest that modern liberal civilization, science and technology emerged in Western Europe because of a particular cultural development linked to the assumptions, values and philosophies of classical Greece and Rome, the Jewish and Christian religions, and the ideas of the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, was thought to put down other civilizations where such development had not taken place.
This notion," popular early in the 20th century", according to a New York Times report on the matter, is now "unsettling scholars and policymakers", since it "challenges the assumptions of market economists and liberal thinkers". These are nearly ail, to some degree, economic determinists.
The matter is of practical concern in making policy. Take the worst case: the problem of contemporary Africa.
Until the 1950s, Africa was generally considered to be a region of pre-modern cultures, developed among a variety of peoples originally practicing simple agriculture, or hunting and gathering. Some cultures were of great artistic complexity; ail had complex codes of value and ceremony; some were quite advanced politically, resembling in many respects European feudalism(灭亡), but all were without written languages or written knowledge.
What was possibly assumed about humans and the fruit fly in the past？
A．They were equally complicated in terms of gene.
B．Humans were much more genetically complicated than the fruit fly, genetically speaking.
C．Humans were twice as complicated as the fruit fly in gene.
D．The fruit fly was less stably than humans in the structure of genes.
As our knowledge of health and fitness increases,people are becoming more and moreinterested in not only taking care of themselves ___1,but mentally and spiritually as well.As aresult,many are turning ___2 more complete approaches to health,including less mainstream fitness methods such as yoga.
Yoga's origins lie in Hindu philosophy,___3 was developed thousands of years ago in India.Recent decades have ___4 yoga gain widespread acceptance as a method of staying in shape,as well as a way of handling stress.Pop singer Madonna and supermodel Christy Turlington are just two of the many celebrities ___5 to be strong advocates of yoga.
1.The author explains that he will deal with reception of communication first because ____.
A、communication actually takes place when the message is received
B、there are more means of receiving than of sending communications
C、reception of communication involves use of the senses.
D、it is difficult to list all the possible means of sending communications
2.Persons who cannot see, hear, or speak are able to communicate through a system of ____.
A、gesturing
B、handshaking
C、backslapping
D、handstroking
3.The author specifically mentions that speech is ____.
A、less important than the written form. of language
B、assisted by touch, gesture, etc
C、the only highly developed system of communication
D、the most developed form. of communication based on hearing
4.Which of the following statements about communication by touch is TRUE____.
A、Touch is less important than taste as a means of communication.
B、There is no well-developed system of communication based on touch.
C、It is possible to communicate intelligently by touch alone.
D、Touch must accompany visual communication.
5.Which of the following statements about the ways of communicating ideas and feelings mentioned in the passage is FALSE____.
A、They can be used to communicate over long distances.
B、They require both a sender and a receiver.
C、They involve use of conventional signs and symbols.
D、They utilize the senses for reception.
