Are thoughts and behavior. determined by heredity (遗传) or by environment? Social scientists have long been interested in this question; the results of "twin studies" are particularly interesting to them.Twin studies of the similarities and differences between twins.There are two types of twins: identical twins, who look exactly the same because they have identical genetic characteristics, and fraternal twins, who have different genetic characteristics.In a 1937 study, Newman, Freeman, and Halzinger found that identical twins are more similar in height and weight than fraternal twins.Because identical twins have the same genetic characteristics, the conclusion was that size is determined more by heredity than by environment.In 1962, James Shields compared the height, weight, and intelligence of identical twins who were brought up together (in the same environment) with those of identical twins brought up apart (in different environments).He found that although the differences were small, identical twins who were brought up together were more similar than those brought up apart.Shields concluded that height, weight, and intelligence are largely determined by heredity.However, because of the differences between identical twins brought up together and those brought up apart, these characteristics may be partly determined by environment.
In the case of Oscar and Jack, heredity seems to determine physical and mental abilities, tastes, and behavior.Environment seems to determine thought.
1.After their parents' divorce, Oscar and Jack ______.
A.went to live with their mother's family
B.were brought up by their father
C.never saw each other again
D.were separated until 1954
2.Although Oscar and Jack are similar in many ways, they seem to be different in_______.
A.physical ability
B.behavior
C.mental ability
D.thought
3.Identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins because_______.
A.they have the same mother
B.they have the same genetic characteristics
C.they were brought up together
D.they were born at the same time
4.The conclusion of Newman, Freeman and Halzinger's 1937 twin study was that_______.
A.size is determined by height, weight, and environment
B.identical twins are taller and heavier than fraternal twins
C.size is determined more by heredity than by environment
D.identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins
5.Shield drew a slightly different conclusion from his study because_______.
A.he also compared the intelligence of the twins in his study
B.he compared twins brought up together with those brought up apart
C.only identical twins were included in his study
D.all of the environment factors were carefully controlled
A.向靠近的且相互平行的两张纸中间吹气,两张纸往里合
B.吹风扇时人会感到凉爽
C.冬天在屋里向玻璃上哈气会在玻璃上形成小水滴
D.对一个物体施力,可能会改变物体的运动轨迹
A.不同厚度分别照相
B.试件上厚度小的部位加适当的补偿材料
C.装两张不同速度的底片一次照相
D.以上都对
“I have two kids in college, and I want to say “come home,” but at the same time I want to provide them with a good education,” says Diana.
The Smith family did work out a solution: They asked and received more aid from the school, and each son increased his borrowing to the maximum amount through the federal loan (贷款) program.They will each graduate with a $20,000 debt, but at least they will be able to finish school.
With unemployment rising, financial aid administrators expect to see more families like the Smiths.More students are applying for aid, and more families expect to need student loans.College administrators are concerned that they will not have enough aid money to go around.
At the same time, tuition (学费)continues to rise.A report from the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education found that college tuition and fees increased 439% from 1982 to 2007, while average family income rose just 147%.Student borrowing has more than doubled in the last decade.
“If we go on this way for another 25 years, we won’t have an affordable system of higher education,” says Patrick M.Callan, president of the center.“The middle class families have been financing it through debt.They will send kids to college whatever it takes, even if that means a huge amount of debt.”
Financial aid administrators have been having a hard time as many companies decide that student loans are not profitable enough and have stopped making them.The good news, however, is that federal loans account for about three quarters of student borrowing, and the government says that money will flow uninterrupted.
16.According to Paragraph 1, why did the Smith family’s plan fail?()
A.The twins wasted too much money
B.The father was out of work
C.Their sayings ran out
D.The family fell apart
17.How did the Smiths manage to solve their problem?()
A.They asked their kids to come home
B.They borrowed $20,000 from the school
C.They encouraged their twin sons to do part-time jobs
D.They got help from the school and the federal government
18.Financial aid administrators believe that _____.
A.more families will face the same problem as the Smiths
B.the government will receive more letters of complaint
C.college tuition fees will double soon
D.America’s unemployment will fall
19.What can we learn about the middle class families from the text?()
A.They blamed the government for the tuition increase
B.Their income remained steady in the last decade
C.They will try their best to send kids to college
D.Their debts will be paid off within 25 years
20.According to the last paragraph, the government will _____.
A.provide most students with scholarships
B.dismiss some financial aid administrators
C.stop the companies from making student loans
D.go on providing financial support for college students
A.对开信用证指两张信用证的开证申请人互以对方为受益人而开立的信用证
B.对开信用证一般不用于易货交易或来料加工和补偿贸易业务中
C.对开信用证的特点是第一张信用证的受益人和开证申请人和受益人就是第二张信用证的开证申请人
D.以上两张信用证的金额相等或大体相等,且两张信用证只能同时开立
Identical twin girls are more likely than boys to have learning problems.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
A.until
B. in
C. other than
D. around