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When an earthquake occurs, people must run to open ground or stay in safe areas like _____
_.
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更多“When an earthquake occurs, peo…”相关的问题
After the violent earthquake that shook Los Angeles in 1994, earthquake scientists had good news to report: The damage and death toll(死亡人数) could have been much worse. More than 60 people died in this earthquake. By comparison, and earthquake of similar __1__ that shook America in 1998 claimed 25,000 victims.
Injuries and deaths were __2__ less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at 4:31 a.m. On a holiday, when traffic was light on the city's highway. In addition, __3__ made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the city's buildings and highways, making them more __4__ to quakes.
In the past, making structures quake-resist-ant meant firm yet __5__ materials, such as steel and wood, that bend without breaking. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to __6__ the impact of ground vibrations. The most __7__ designs give buildings brains as well as concrete and steel supports, called smart buildings, the structures respond like living organisms to an earthquake's vibrations. When ground shakes and the building tips forward, the computer would __8__ the building to shift in the opposite direction. The new designs should offer even greater __9__ to cities where earthquakes ofen take place.
The new smart structures could be very __10__ to build. However, they would save many lives and would be less likely to be damaged during earthquakes.
[A]changes
[B]flexible
[C]decrease
[D]recent
[E]push
[F]reduce
[G]relatively
[H]safety
[I]resistant
[J]expensive
[K]force
[L]accordingly
[M]intensity
[N]security
[O]opposed
Tsunami
Up until December of 2004, the phenomena of tsunami was not on the minds of most of the world's population. That changed on the morning of December 24, 2004 when an earthquake of moment magnitude 9.1 occurred along the oceanic trench off the coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. This large earthquake resulted in vertical displacement of the sea floor and generated a tsunami that eventually killed 280,000 people and affected the lives of several million people. Although people living on the coastline near the epicenter of the earthquake had little time or warning of the approaching tsunami, those living farther away along the coasts of Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, and East Africa had plenty of time to move to higher ground to escape. But, there was no tsunami warning system in place in the Indian Ocean, and although other tsunami warning centers attempted to provide a warning, there was no effective communication system in place. Unfortunately, it has taken a disaster of great magnitude to point out the failings of the world's scientific community and to educate almost every person on the planet about tsunami.
How Tsunamis Are Generated
There is an average of two destructive tsunamis per year in the Pacific basin. Pacific wide tsunamis are a rare phenomenon, occurring every 10-12 years on the average. Most of these tsunamis are generated by earthquakes that cause displacement of the seafloor.
Earthquakes cause tsunami by causing a disturbance of the seafloor. Thus, earthquakes that occur along coastlines or anywhere beneath the oceans can generate tsunami. The size of the tsunami is usually related to the size of the earthquake, with larger tsunami generated by larger earthquakes. But the sense of displacement is also important. Tsunamis are generally only formed when an earthquake causes vertical displacement of the seafloor. The 1906 earthquake near San Francisco California had a Richter Magnitude of about 7.1, yet no tsunami was generated because the motion on the fault (断层) was strike-slip motion with no vertical displacement. Thus, tsunami only occur if the fault generating the earthquake has normal or reverse displacement. Because of this, most tsunamis are generated by earthquakes that occur along the subduction boundaries of plates, along the oceanic trenches. Since the Pacific Ocean is surrounded by plate boundaries of this type, tsunamis are frequently generated by earthquakes around the margins of the Pacific Ocean.
Examples of Tsunami Generated by Earthquakes
May 22, 1960-A moment magnitude 9.5 earthquake occurred along the subduction zone off South America. Because the population of Chile is familiar with earthquakes and potential tsunami, most people along the coast moved to higher ground. 15 minutes after the earthquake, a tsunami with a run-up of 4.5 m hit the coast. The first wave then retreated, dragging broken houses and boats back into the ocean. Many people saw this smooth retreat of the sea as a sign they could ride their boats out to sea and recover some of the property swept away, by the first wave. But, about 1 hour later, the second wave traveling at a velocity of 166 km/hr crashed in with a run-up of 8 m. This wave crushed boats along the coast and destroyed coastal buildings. This was followed by a third wave traveling at only 83 km/hr that crashed in later with a run-up of 11 m, destroying all that was left of coastal villages. The resulting causalities listed 909 dead with 834 missing. In Hawaii, a tsunami warning system was in place and the tsunami was expected to arrive at 9:57 AM. It hit at 9:58 AM and 61 people died, mostly sightseers that wanted to watch the wave roll in at close range (obviously they were too close). The tsunami continued across the Pacific Ocean, eventually reaching Japan where it killed an additional 185 people.
Prediction and Early Warning
For areas located at
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
M: That's not exactly true. It's true that deep down on the ocean floor we won't have the same kinds of currents we find in shallower parts. But we do find what we call turbidity currents. This wasn't in the book but the term came up in class. Do you remember what it means？
W: Umh, turbidity currents？ Oh, yeah! Isn't that when sediment like sand or mud gets stirred up and mixes with water and then this mixer kind of flows through the water around it, right？
M: Good!
W: Umh, but I thought that only happened in rivers.
M: Well, yes. This does occur in rivers, but we see turbidity currents deep in the ocean as well.
W: But how do they get started there？
M: Earthquakes mostly, when an earthquake occurs under water, it throws up tremendous, amounts of mud or sand that becomes suspended in a layer of water near the bottom of the ocean. This layer is so much denser and heavier than other ocean water that it flows right down the slopes o f the ocean floor and gains more and more speed as it moves along. Then it's just like the winds blowing across the desert picking up sand from one place and moving it along and finally dropping it somewhere else.
(23)
A．Earthquake.
B．Turbidity currents.
C．Erosion and the deposit of sediment on the deep sea floor.
D．Waves or currents that deep in the ocean.
听力原文： When the United States Geological Survey makes its annual report on earthquakes, California usually leads the nation in the number of tremors that people, rather than measuring instruments, can "feel". California also suffered the most serious damage from an earthquake in the Survey’s 1983 report on significant earthquakes. These are the quakes that measure at least 6.5 on the Richer scale. These earthquakes are included if they cause considerable damage or casualties(that is, if people are injured or killed).
In 1983, four significant quakes occurred in the United States. This compares to 70 earthquakes worldwide. The strongest Unites States earthquake took place in south-central Idaho and measured 7.3. It killed two children in Challis, a nearby town. It caused $2.5 million in damages. A 6.5 quake in Coalinga, California, injured 45 people and cost $3.1 million, Large areas of Coalinga had to be razed or torn down because the buildings could net be repaired.
A tremor off the southern coast of Alaska in the Pacific Ocean measured 6.5 but caused no damage. However, a 6.6 quake on The Big Island in Hawaii hurt six people and cost $6 million.
California had a total of 119 earthquakes that people felt and reported to authorities in 1983. Hawaii was second with 75, and Alaska was third with 64 earthquakes.
(30)
A．A significant earthquake occurs in the United States.
B．A significant earthquake occurs in the ocean.
C．A significant earthquake does not kill anybody.
D．A significant earthquake usually measures over 6.5 on the Richter scale.
Earthquakes last only a few seconds. The rolling movements are called seismic waves. The seismic waves start in one place, called the epicenter, and roll outward. A seismic wave travels around the earth is a about twenty minutes. Usually, an. earthquake is strong enough to cause damage only near its epicenter.
However, epicenters at the bottom of the ocean create huge sea waves as tall as 15 meters. These waves cross the ocean in several hours. Rushing toward land, they destroy small islands and ships in their path. When they hit land, they flood coastal areas far from the epicenter of the earthquake. In 1868, a wave reached 4.5 kilometers inland in Peru. In 1896, a wave in Japan killed 27,000 people.
After an earthquake happens, people can die from lack of food, water, and medical supplies. The amount of destruction caused by an earthquake depends on where it happens, what time it happens, and how strong it is. It also depends on types of buildings, soil conditions, and population. Of the 6000 earthquakes in the world each year, only about fifteen cause great damage and many deaths.
In 1556, an earthquake in northern China killed 830,000 people--the most in history. There was no way to measure its strength. In 1935, scientists started using the Richter Scale to measure seismic waves. A seriously destructive earthquake measures 6.5or higher on the Richter Scale.
How can scientists predict earthquakes？ Earthquakes are not just scattered anywhere but happen in certain areas, places where pieces of the earth's surface meet. This pattern causes them to shake the same places many times. For example, earthquakes often occur on the west coasts of North and South America, around the Mediterranean Sea, and along the Pacific coast of Asia.
Another way to predict earthquakes is to look for changes in the earth's surface, like a sudden drop of water level in the ground. Some people say animals can predict earthquakes. Before earthquakes, people have seen chickens sitting in trees, fish jumping out of the water, snakes leaving their holes, and other animals acting strangely.
On February 4, 1975, scientists predicted an earthquake in northeastern China and told people in the earthquake zone to leave the cities. More than a million people moved into the surrounding countryside, into safe, open fields away from buildings. That afternoon, the ground rolled and shook beneath the people's feet, In seconds, 90 percent of the buildings in the city of Haicheng were destroyed. The decision to tel1 the people to leave the cities saved 10,000 lives.
However, more than a year later, on July 28, 1976, the scientists were not so lucky. East of Beijing, Chinese scientists were discussing a possible earthquake. During their meeting, the worst earthquake in modern times hit. Estimates of deaths ranged from 250,000 to 695,000. The earthquake measured 7.9 on the Richter Scale.
Earthquakes often come together with volcanic eruptions. In late 1984, strong earthquakes began shaking the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia every day. On November 14, 1985, it erupted. A nearby river became a sea of mud that buried four towns. This disaster killed more than 2100 people,
Mexico City has frequent earthquakes. An earthquake there on September 19, 1985, measured 8.1 on the Richter Scale and killed 7000 people. Most victims died when buildings fell on them.
San Francisco, California, also has frequent earthquakes. However, newer buildings there are built to be safe in earthquakes. Therefore, when all earthquake measuring 7.1 on t
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
More than 60 people died in this earthquake. By comparison, an earthquake of similar intensity that shook America in 1988 claimed 25,000 victims.
Injuries and deaths were relatively less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at 4:31 a.m. on a holiday, when traffic was light on the city's highways. In addition, changes made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the city's buildings and highways, making them more resistant to quakes.
Despite the good news, civil engineers aren't resting on their successes. Pinned to their drawing boards are blueprints (蓝图) for improved quake-resistant buildings. The new designs should offer even greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place.
In the past, making structures quake-resistant meant firm yet flexible materials, such as steel and wood, that bend without breaking. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations. The most recent designs give buildings brains as well as concrete and steel supports. Called smart buildings, the structures respond like living organisms to an earthquake's vibrations. When the ground shakes and the building tips forward, the computer would force the building to shift in the opposite direction.
The new smart structures could be very expensive to build. However, they would save many lives and would be less likely to be damaged during earthquakes.
One reason why the loss of lives in the Los Angeles earthquake was comparatively low is that ______.
A．new computers had been installed in the buildings
B．it occurred in the residential areas rather than on the highways
C．large numbers of Los Angeles residents had gone for a holiday
D．improvements had been made in the constructions of buildings and highways
Earthquake
Can Scientists Predict Killer Earthquakes？
The date was November 23，1980．People near Naples，in Southern Italy，felt the earth roll and shake. Earthquake! Suddenly buildings came tumbling down. Cracks appeared in the earth．Within minutes，entire towns were destroyed．Thousands of people were dead．Thousands more were injured．
As rescuers searched through the rubble，many people must have wondered，if only the victims had known ahead of time，many lives could have been saved．
Actually，an Italian scientist did predict that such a quake would happen．In 1977 Dr．M．Caputo of the Universite Degiles Studi in Rome warned that a large quake would soon strike the east of Naples．Unfortunately，he couldn't predict the exact time and date of the quake．
Dr．Caputo made his general prediction after talking with scientists at 54 earthquake-monitoring stations throughout Italy．He learned that many earthquakes had recently rocked different areas around Naples．But none had occurred in one particular spot east of Naples for many years．Dr. Caputo felt that the area was long overdue for a large quake．And it was．
Earthquake Strikes in Gap
The quake occurred in a region that Dr.Caputo called a seismic gap．A seismic gap is an area in an active earthquake region where no earthquake or seismic activity has been recorded in a long time．Seismic gaps are located where two large plates in the earth have become stuck．
When the plates slide past each other，they sometimes became locked in place．A similar thing happens when you make a running leap on a sidewalk while wearing sneakers．When you 1and on both feet，the sneakers grab onto rough surface．Friction tends to hold your feet back while the rest of your body goes forward．You may end up falling flat on your face．
In the case of plates，however，the uneven surfaces between the plates cause the plates to remain locked in place for years．Huge pressure builds up behind each plate．Periodically，a shudder，or tremor，is recorded as some of this energy is released．
Finally，after about 50 years，rock in the seismic gap either suddenly breaks or moves under the great stress．This sudden release of energy sends shock waves through the rock layers above．The ground shakes，sidewalks crack，and buildings tumble．A mighty quake has struck．
Gaps Used to Predict Quakes
Many geologists have used what is called the seismic gap technique to accurately predict earthquakes．The technique was first developed by Soviet earthquake expert Dr.V.Fodotov during his studies of ancient and recent Japanese earthquakes．Dr.Fodotov was marking the location，size，and date of all known quakes in Japan when he noticed a striking pattern．
All major earthquakes were found to occur in only a few isolated spots in Japan．Each of these spots，he noted，experienced a major quake only once every 50 to 60 years．Dr.Fodotov concluded that spots that hadn't had a quake in more than 50 years were “ripe” for a quake．The Russian scientist named these locations seismic gaps．
In the past several years，geologists from other countries have found seismic gaps in other parts of the world．After making detailed studies of past quakes in these regions，the geologists were able to make an accurate prediction of when a quake would occur．
How Do Animals Know When an Earthquake Is Coming？
Scientists who try to predict earthquakes have gotten some new helpers recently-animals．
That's right，animals．Scientists have begun to catch on to what farmers have known for thousands of years．Animals often seem to know in advance that an earthquake is coming，and they show their fear by acting in strange ways．Before a Chinese quake in1975，snakes awoke from their winter sleep early only to freeze to death in the cold air．Cows broke their
A．no prediction had been made
B．no correct prediction had been made
C．no one had predicted the precise date
D．no one had cared about Dr.Caputo's prediction
根据以下资料，回答11~15题。
By saying "relatively few of us live along fault lines" (Line 2, Para.1), the author means that most of us ________ A) make mistakes when facing emergencies B) can deal with emergencies in a proper way C) are seldom bothered by massive earthquakes D) hardly know what to do in an earthquake
