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C.rotor
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A.vane
B.gear
C.rotor
Natural-gas Vehicles
Kermit the Frog once said, "It's not that easy bein' green." Although he wasn't referring to cars, his observation seems particularly appropriate for the auto industry today: Designing, developing and marketing "green" cars has not been an easy task, which is why gasoline-powered vehicles still rule the mad and fossil fuels still account for almost 75 percent of the word's energy consumption. As gasoline soar and concern over harmful emission mounts, however, cars that run on alternate fuel sources will become increasingly important. A natural-gas vehicle, or NGV, is the perfect example of such a car -- it's fuel- efficient, environmentally friendly and offers a relatively low cost of ownership.
Natural Gas Basics
The word "gas" is a confusing term because it is used to 'describe many different substances that are similar but not exactly the same. For example, the "gas" you put in your car is gasoline, one component of crude oil, or petroleum. Petroleum is a dark, sticky liquid mixture of compounds formed underground by the decay of ancient marine animals.
Natural gas also comes from the decay of ancient organisms, but it naturally takes a gaseous form. instead of a liquid from. Natural gas commonly occurs in association with crude oil. It is derived from both land plants and aquatic(水生的)organic matter and forms above or below oil deposits. It is often dissolved in crude oil at the high pressures existing in a reservoir. There are also reservoirs of natural gas, known as non-associated gas, that contain only gas and no oil.
Natural gas consists primarily of methane (沼气)and other hydrocarbon gases. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed only of the elements carbon and hydrogen. The hydrocarbons in natural gas are called saturated hydrocarbons because they contain' hydrogen and carbon bound together by single bonds.
Like gasoline, natural gas is combustible (易燃的), which means it can be used in a combustion engine like gasoline. But cars that could burn natural gas didn't appear on the scene until the 1930s.
From Field to Ford
We extract natural gas trapped in underground reservoirs by drilling wells into the earth. A modern well, equipped with diamond-studded drill bits, can drill to depths approaching 25,000 feet.
Throughout the 19th century, the use of natural gas remained localized because there was no way to transport large quantities of gas over long distances. In 1890, the invention of a leakproof pipeline coupling made it possible to transport gas miles from the source. Improvements in pipeline technology continued over the next two decades until long-distance gas transmission became practical. From 1927 to 1931, laborers constructed more than 10 major natural gas transmission systems in the United States, making natural gas a viable energy source for many applications. The oil shortages of the late 1960s and early 1970s brought renewed interest in natural gas as a fuel source, especially for automobiles.
Today, owners of natural-gas vehicles can fill up their cars at one of 1,300 fueling stations located in the United States. Honda also offers a personal natural gas pump to people who purchase its natural-gas- powered Civic. The pump uses a home's existing natural gas lines and can be installed for $ 500 to $ 1, 500.
Natural-gas Vehicle Design
Natural-gas vehicles use the same basic principles as gasoline-powered vehicles. In other words, the fuel (natural gas in this case) is mixed with air in the cylinder of a four-storke engine and then ignited by a spark plug to move a piston(活塞) up and down. Although there are some differences between natural gas and gasoline in terms of flamability and ignition temperatures NGVs themselves operate on the same fundamental concepts as gasoline-powered vehicles.
Still, some modifications are required
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
Natural-gas Vehicles
Kermit the Frog once said, "It's not that easy be in green." Although he wasn't referring to cars, his observation seems particularly appropriate for the auto industry today: Designing, developing and marketing "green" cars has not been an easy task, which is why gasoline-powered vehicles still rule the road and fossil fuels still account for almost 75 percent of the world's energy consumption. As gasoline prices soar and concern over harmful emission mounts, however, cars that run on alternate fuel sources will become increasingly important. A natural-gas vehicle, or NGV, is the perfect example of such a car -- it's fuel-efficient, environmentally friendly and offers a relatively low cost of ownership.
Natural Gas Basics
The word "gas" is a confusing term because it is used to describe many different substances that are similar but not exactly the same. For example, the "gas" you put in your car is gasoline, one component of crude oil, or petroleum. Petroleum is a dark, sticky liquid mixture of compounds formed underground by the decay of ancient marine animals.
Natural gas also comes from the decay of ancient organisms, but it naturally takes a gaseous form. instead of a liquid form. Natural gas commonly occurs in association with crude oil. It is derived from both land plants and aquatic (水生的) organic matter and forms above or below oil deposits. It is often dissolved in crude oil at the high pressures existing in a reservoir. There are also reservoirs of natural gas, known as non-associated gas, that contain only gas and no oil.
Natural gas consists primarily of methane (沼气) and other hydrocarbon gases. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed only of the elements carbon and hydrogen. The hydrocarbons in natural gas are called saturated hydrocarbons because they contain hydrogen and carbon bound together by single bonds.
Like gasoline, natural gas is combustible (易燃的), which means it can be used in a combustion engine like gasoline. But cars that could burn natural gas didn't appear on the scene until the 1930s.
From Field to Ford
We extract natural gas trapped in underground reservoirs by drilling wells into the earth. A modern well. equipped with diamond-studded drill bits, can drill to depths approaching 25.000 feet.
Throughout the 19th century, the use of natural gas remained localized because there was no way to transport large quantities of gas over long distances, in 1890, the invention of a leakproof pipeline coupling made it possible to transport gas miles from the source. Improvements in pipeline technology continued over the next two decades until long-distance gas transmission became practical. From 1927 to 1931, ,laborers constructed more than t0 major natural gas transmission systems in the United States, making natural gas a viable energy source for many applications. The oil shortages of the late 1960s and early 1970s brought renewed interest in natural gas as a fuel source, especially for automobiles.
Today, owners of natural-gas vehicles can fill up their cars at one of 1,300 fueling stations located in the United States. Honda also offers a personal natural gas pump to people who purchase its natural-gas-powered Civic. The pump uses a home's existing natural gas lines and can be installed for $ 500 to $1500.
Natural-gas Vehicle Design
Natural-gas vehicles use the same basic principles as gasoline-powered vehicles. In other words, the fuel (natural gas in this case) is mixed with air in the cylinder of a four-stroke engine and then ignited by a spark plug to move a piston (活塞) up and down. Although there are some differences between natural gas and gasoline in terms of flamability and ignition temperatures, NGVs themselves operate on the same fundamental concepts as gasoline-powered vehicles.
Still, some
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
听力原文： In many parts of the world, farmers and their families live in villages or towns. In the United States, however, each farm family lives on its own fields, often beyond the sight of any neighbors. Instead of traveling from a village to the fields every morning, American farmers stay on their land throughout the week. They travel to the nearest town on Saturdays for shopping or on Sundays for church. The children ride on buses to large schools which serve all of the farm families living in the area. In some areas, there are small schools serving a few farm families, and the children walk to school.
Of course life keeps changing for everyone, including farmers. Today there are cars, good roads, radios, and television sets. And of course there are modern machines for farming. All of these have changed farm life.
For many years, however, farming in America was often a lonely way of living. Farmers had to deal with their own problems, instead of getting help from others. They learned to try new methods, and to trust their own ideas instead of following older ways.
(30)
A．They live in bigger houses.
B．They live in villages or in towns.
C．Each family lives on its own fields.
D．They use modern machines in farming.
听力原文： Cars are an important part of life in the United States. (29) Without a car most people feel that they are poor. And even if a person is poor he doesn't feel really poor when he has a car. The car made the United States a nation on wheels. And it helped make the United States what it is today. There are three reasons the car became so popular in the United States. First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it. The car provides the most comfortable and cheapest form. of transportation. With a car people can go any place without spending a lot of money. The second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form. of public transportation. Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world. Nowadays there is a good system of air-service provided by planes. But it is too expensive to be used frequently. (30) The third reason is the most important one, though. The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular. Americans don't like to wait for a bus, or a train or even a plane. They don't like to have to follow an exact schedule. A car gives them the freedom to schedule their own time. And this is the freedom that Americans want most to have. (31) The gas shortage has caused a big problem for Americans. But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation. The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, which does not use so much gas.
(30)
A．When they don't have a car.
B．When they live in a huge country.
C．When they don't use planes.
D．when they have a car.
听力原文： Modern Chinese use the solar calendar as English people do. But at the same time, they use their own lunar calendar. Each lunar year is given the name of one of these animals: the rat, the ox, the tiger, the hare, the dragon, the snake, the horse, the goat, the monkey, the chicken, the dog and the pig. This list lasts for twelve years and then starts again.
Each Chinese month starts on the day of the new moon, and the full moon cames on the fifteenth day of the month. The New Year always starts between January the twenty first and February the twentieth.
On the last day of the lunar year, there is a big family dinner. All members of the family (except married daughters) try to be present at this meal, even if they have to travel many miles to reach the home of their parents. Old quarrels are forgotten, and everybody is happy. After the dinner, the children keep awake to welcome the New Year.
The New Year celebrations last for 15 days, from the new moon to the full moon. On the first day, children and unmarried people go to visit their elders.
(30)
A．It was the year of the ox.
B．It was the year of the snake.
C．It was the year of the tiger.
D．It was the year of the hare.
听力原文： There are so many things going on in our modern lives, and change happens so quickly. It is hard to imagine a time when things were slower and you could really see a new thing come into your life and to remember the day or the year when those things happened. I know that today, for example, there, are many instances of second and third generations of things, such as televisions or radios, when some of us were not even aware that there was a first generation.
A friend of mine was born at the end of the last century, and talking to her, I really got a sense of her being a living history book, of being able to talk about the changes in her own life and to know that these changes were really the changes that society was going through.
She gets really excited, for example, when she talks about the first time she ever saw a camera, and even more excited when she saw herself in the picture that the photographer took. She lived in a small town, and at the time that she was very young, there were no cars or trains in her town at all. As she grew up, cars and trains came in, and she remembers her first ride with a real sense of amazement that any one count move so fast.
(30)
A．It's amazing that anyone could move so fast.
B．Televisions mark the beginning of modem life.
C．Modern life is changing very fast.
D．It's hard to remember the past.
听力原文： The United States is full of automobiles. There are still many families without cars, blt some families have two or even more. However, cats are used for more than pleasure. They are a necessary part of life.
Cars are used for business. They are driven to offices and factories by workers who have no other way to get to their jobs. When salesmen are sent to different parts of the city, they have to drive in order to carry their products. Farmers have to drive into the city in order to get supplies.
Sometimes small children must be driven to school. In some cities school buses are used only when children live more than a mile from the school. When the children are too young to walk that far, their mothers take turns driving them to school. One mother drives on Mondays, taking her own children and her neighbors' children as well. Another mother drives on Tuesdays, another on Wednesdays, and so on. This is called "forming a car pool". Men also form. car pools, with three or four men taking turns driving to the place where they all work. More cur pools should be formed in order to put fewer automobiles on the road and to use less gasoline. Parking is a great problem, and so is the traffic in and around cities. Too many cars are being driven. Something will have to be done about the use of cars.
(23)
A．To get supplies.
B．To get to their jobs.
C．To carry their products.
D．To enjoy themselves.
Policymakers and industry have four options: reduce vehicle use, increase the efficiency and reduce the emissions of conventional gasoline-powered vehicles, switch to less harmful fuels, or find less polluting driving systems. The last of these—in particular the introduction of vehicles powered by electricity—is ultimately the only sustainable option. The other alternatives are attractive in theory but in practice are either impractical or offer only marginal improvements. For example, reduced vehicle use could solve traffic problems and a host of social and environmental problems, but evidence from around the world suggests that it is very difficult to make people give up their cars to any significant extent. In the U.S., mass-transit ridership and carpooling (合伙用车) have declined since World War II. Even in Western Europe, with fuel prices averaging more than $1 a liter (about $4 a gallon) and with easily accessible mass transit and dense populations, cars still account for 80 percent of all passenger travel.
Improved energy efficiency is also appealing, but automotive fuel economy has barely made any progress in 10 years. Alternative fuels such as natural gas, burned in internal-combustion engines, could be introduced at relatively low cost, but they would lead to only marginal reductions in pollution and greenhouse emissions (especially because oil companies are already spending billions of dollars every year to develop less polluting types of gasoline).
第31题：From the passage we know that the increased use of cars will ________.
A) consume half of the oil produced in the world
B) have serious consequences for the well-being of all nations
C) widen the gap between the developed and developing countries
D) impose an intolerable economic burden on residents of large cities
What can explain and solve this problem？ The fact is that pollution is caused by man-by his desire for a modern way of life. We make "increasing industrialization" our chief aim. For its sake, we are willing to sacrifice every thing: clean air, pure water, good food, our health and the future of our children. There is a constant flow of people from the countryside into the cities, eager for the benefits of modern society. But as our technological achievements have grown in the last twenty years, so pollution has be come a serious problem.
Isn't it time we stopped to ask ourselves where we are going and why？ It reminds one of the stories about the airline pilot who told his passengers over the loudspeaker, "I've some good news and some bad news. The good news is that we're making rapid progress at 530 miles per hour. The bad news is that we're lost and don't know where we're going." The sad fact is that this becomes a true story when applied to our modern society.
(30)
A．We are making too many vehicles.
B．We have more and more industry.
C．There are too many developing countries.
D．People use too many man-made materials.
