题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical, but are justifiable if ______.
A．linked to an abnormal amount of assertiveness
B．seen as one's habitual pattern of behavior
C．taken as part of an ordering sequence
D．expressed to a series of charges
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更多“Some responses and behaviors m…”相关的问题
According to the passage, electric response audiometry can be used ______.
A．whether a person is awake or asleep
B．only if a person is relaxed
C．particularly if a person hears a loud noise
D．particularly when a person is dreaming
听力原文： Laughing at life is one of the best ways of guaranteeing it does not end prematurely, scientists said yesterday. Researchers found that people who often laugh out loud and see the funny side of difficult situations are far less likely to have a heart attack than humorless individuals.
The study looked at the humor responses of 150 patients who had either suffered heart attacks or undergone treatment for blocked arteries. They were compared with the responses of an identical number of age-matched healthy people who had no history of heart problems. There was some variation in the results, but, overall, it was found that the heart patients were 40% less likely than their healthy counterparts to laugh in a variety of common situations.
Michael Miller, director of the Center for Preventive Cardiology at the University of Maryland, Baltimore, who led the research, said: "The old saying that laughter is the best medicine appears to be true when it comes to protecting your heart."
The findings suggested that making oneself laugh when angry might offset the harmful effect of stress on arteries. The team's findings were presented yesterday at the American Heart Association's annual scientific meeting in New Orleans.
(23)
A．150 healthy people.
B．150 unhealthy people.
C．300 patients.
D．300 people.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological(生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
36. According to the author, babies learn to do things which .
A) are directly related to pleasure
B) will meet their physical needs
C) will bring them a feeling of success
D) will satisfy their curiosity
37. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby .
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
38. In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to .
A) have the lights turned on
B) be rewarded with milk
C) please their parents
D) be praised
39. The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because .
A) the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"
B) the sight of the lights was interesting
C) they need not turn back to watch the lights
D) they succeeded in "switching on" the lights
40. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of .
A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C) their strong desire to solve complex problems
D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
In contrast to the nonfunctional appeals of the fine arts, the first purpose of the applied arts is to serve some useful function. Lucy Lewis, a traditional potter from Acoma Pueblo in New Mexico, has applied a visually exciting surface decoration to her water jar, using the chewed end of a yucca spine to paint the fine lines. But the jar's main reason for being "however" is to hold water. Some of the people of Acoma, which may be the oldest continually inhabited city in the United States, still follow the old ways, carrying water for drinking, cooking, and washing up to their adobe homes from natural rock cisterns on the cliff walls below. The forms of their water jars are therefore designed to prevent spilling and to balance readily on one's head. The pots must also be light in weight, so Acoma water jars are some of the world' s thinnest-walled pottery. Interestingly, the languages of most Native American peoples do not include a word that means "fine art." While they have traditionally created pottery, basketry, and weaving with a highly sophisticated sense of design, these pieces were part of their everyday lives.
The applied art of pottery-making, or ceramics, is one of the crafts, the making of useful objects by hand. Other applied art disciplines are similarly functional. Graphic designers create advertisements, fabrics, layouts for books and magazines, logos for corporate identification, and so on; industrial designers shape the mass-produced objects used by high-tech societies, from cars, telephones, and teapots, to one of the most famous visual images in the world: the Coca- Cola bottle. Other applied arts include clothing design, interior design, and environmental design.
The water jar mentioned in the second paragraph can NOT be described as ______.
A．light in weight
B．made by a Native American
C．an example of fine art
D．an object to be used
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的)“drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to“reward” the babies and so taught them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement“switched on” a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would“smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
According to the author, babies learn to do things which______.
A．are directly related to pleasure
B．will meet their physical needs
C．will bring them a feeling of success
D．will satisfy their curiosity
听力原文： Culture shock can be described as the feeling of confusion and disorientation that one experiences when faced with a large number of new and unfamiliar people and situations. Many things contribute to it—smells, sounds, flavors, the very feeling of the air one is breathing. Of course, the natives' unfamiliar language and behavior. contribute to it, too. People's responses to culture shock vary greatly, from excitement and energetic action to withdrawal, depression, physical illness, and hostility. A particular individual might react to culture shock one way one day and another the next.
The notion of culture shock calls two useful points to mind. First, most people experience some degree of culture shock when they go to a new country, whether they admit it to themselves and others or not. Culture shock is more a product of the situation of being in a new culture than it is of the traveller's personal character.
Second, culture shock, like other kinds Of "shock", is normally transitory. It passes with time.
Academic analysts of the culture shock idea point out that the experience of culture shock need not be negative. While there may be some unhappiness and unpleasantness along with the confusion and disorientation, the confusion and disorientation are necessary steps in learning about a new culture. If everything in the new place is just like home, no learning will come from being there.
(33)
A．Culture shock and its contributing factors.
B．How to deal with culture shock.
C．The harmful effects of culture shock.
D．Different types of culture shock.
Measuring Human Behavior
Psychological Testing is the measurement of some aspect of human behavior. by procedures consisting of carefully prescribed con tent, methods of administration, and interpretation. The test may address any aspect of intellectual or emotional functioning, including personality traits, attitudes, intelligence, or emotional concerns. Interpretation is based on a comparison of the individual's responses with those previously obtained to establish appropriate standards for the test scores. The usefulness of psychological tests depends on their accuracy in predicting behavior. By providing information about the probability of a person's responses or performance, tests aid in making a variety of decisions.
The primary drive behind the development of the major tests used today was the need for practical guidelines for solving social problems. The first useful intelligence test was prepared in 1905 by the French psychologists Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon. The two developed a 30item scale to ensure that no child could be denied instruction in the Paris school system without formal examination. In 1916, the American psychologist Lewis Terman produced the first Stanford Revision of the BinetSimon scale to provide comparison standards for Americans from age three to adulthood. The test was further revised in 1937 and 1960, and today the Stanford Binet remains one of the most widely used intelligence tests.
The need to classify soldiers during World War I resulted in the development of two group intelligence tests—Army Alpha and Army Beta. To help detect soldiers who might break down in combat, the American psychologist Robert Woodworth designed the Personal Data Sheet, a forerunner of the modern personality inventory. During the 1930s controversies over the nature of intelligence led to the development of the WechslerBellevue Intelligence Scale, which not only provided an index of general mental ability but also revealed patterns of intellectual strengths and weaknesses. The Wechsler tests now extend from the preschool through the adult age range and are at least as prominent as the StanfordBinet.
As interest in the newly emerging field of psychoanalysis grew in the 1930s, two important projective techniques introduced systematic ways to study unconscious motivation: the Rorschach or inkblot testdeveloped by the Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach—using a series of inkblots on cards, and a storytelling procedure called the Thematic Apperception Testdeveloped by the American psychologists Henry A. Murray and C. D. Morgan. Both of these tests are frequently included in contemporary personality assessment.
In educational settings, intelligence and achievement tests are administered routinely to assess individual accomplishment and to improve instruction and curriculum planning. Elementary schools use kindergarten and firstgrade screening procedures to determine readiness for reading and writing programs. Screening tests also identify developmental, visual, and auditory problems for which the child may need special assistance. If the child's progress in school is un usually slow, or if he or she shows signs of a learning disability or behavior. disorder, testing may clarify whether the difficulty is neurologically or emotionally based. Many high schools administer interest inventories and aptitude tests to assist in the students' educational or vocational planning.
In clinics or hospitals, psychological tests may be administered for purposes of diagnosis and treatment planning. Clinical tests can provide information about overall personality functioning and the need for psychotherapy; testing also may focus of some specific question, such as the presence or absence of organically based brain disorder. Clinical testing usually involves a battery of test, interpreted as a whole, to describe intellectual and emotional states. Dec
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where on milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on”. A display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many three turns to one side.
Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
第26题：According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
A) are directly related to pleasure
B) will meet their physical needs
C) will bring them a feeling of success
D) will satisfy their curiosity
阅读理解
阅读下面的文章，根据文章内容，完成相应的选择题。
DOOR-KNOCKING
Door-knocking is the most effective way of making face-to-face community contact, but it has become a lost art. With the recent focus on customer privacy, door-knocking seems like an intrusion into other people's lives. But those who try it for the first time are usually surprised by the pleasant reception they receive. Here are some suggestions that will help you promote your services face-toface.
BEFORE YOU GO OUT
◆ BEGIN WITH A DOOR HANGER
Try leaving a door hanger two days before you go door-knocking. It should briefly describe the project and say that someone will be around in person.
◆ WEAR AN OFFICIAL NAME TAG
Door-knockers should wear name tags with the logo of their organization. The best name tags will also include a color photo and the name of the caller.
◆ HAVE PEOPLE KNOCK THEIR OWN BLOCKS
The easiest way to do door-knocking is to try your local area first. Being a neighbor creates an immediate connection with the person answering the door; after that, everything else is easy.
◆ FIND A GOOD EXCUSE TO DOOR-KNOCK
A short survey about local concerns or a current project is a good excuse. Figure out responses for various situations. What if the person who answers the door cannot speak English？ What if a child answers the door？
WHEN YOU GO OUT
◆ WHEN TO GO AND WHAT TO DO FIRST
The best times to knock are usually Saturdays. On other days, after dinner is ideal. When someone answers the door, smile and introduce yourself; say you are a volunteer and, if it helps, state where you live. Give the name of your organization and, briefly, the reason for the visit.
◆ STATE WHAT ACTION THE OTHER PERSON SHOULD TAKE AND THE BENEFITS
Tell the person what they need to do and how their actions will benefit themselves and others. If a person hesitates, emphasize benefits you've already mentioned and then, if necessary, add further benefits. If a person agrees, follow up immediately. If possible, get a donation, a signature, or a promise.
◆ RECORD CONTACT INFORMATION ON THE SPOT
Record names, addresses, e-mail addresses, phone numbers, and responses to questions on the spot. You won't remember them later!
操作提示：通过题干后的下拉框选择题目的正确答案。
1. Why does the author say that door-knocking has become a lost art？ {A; B; C}
A. It is not effective, no one will take this method any more.
B. People focus on privacy increasingly, so door-knocking seems like an intrusion into other people's lives
C. It is very difficult to do door-knocking，no one knows how to do it now.
2. Which step should be firstly taken when you try door-knocking？ {A; B; C}
A. Find a good excuse to door-knock
B. Wear an official name tag
C. Leave a door hanger
3. What does the underlined phrase “on the spot” mean？ {A; B; C}
A. without delay
B. at some place
C. in a difficult situation
4. Which time is not appropriate for door knocking？ {A; B; C}
A. Saturday afternoon.
B. Monday morning.
C. Thursday evening.
5. Who will receive pleasant reception when they try door-knocking？ {A; B; C}
A. A stranger who is not living in this community and gives no notice for his/her visit.
B. An offensive acquaintance who comes at any time.
C. A neighbor who does good preparation and has significant project to introduce.
A) reinforced
B) embarrassed
C) depressed
D) bewildered
