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[主观题]

Read carefully the following excerpt on Historical Debate on Animal Experimentation, a

nd then write your response in NO LESS THAN 200 WORDS, in which you should:

summarize the main message of the excerpt, and then

comment on whether we should use animals for experimentation purpose or not

You should support yourself with information from the excerpt.

Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

Historical Debate on Animal Experimentation

As the experimentation on animals increased, especially the practice of vivisection, so did criticism and controversy. In 1655, the advocate of Galenic physiology Edmund O'Meara said that "the miserable torture of vivisection places the body in an unnatural state." O'Meara and others argued that animal physiology could be affected by pain during vivisection, rendering results unreliable. There were also objections on an ethical basis, contending that the benefit to humans did not justify the harm to animals. Early objections to animal testing also came from another angle — many people believed that animals were inferior to humans and so different that results from animals could not be applied to humans.

On the other side of the debate, those in favor of animal testing held that experiments on animals were necessary to advance medical and biological knowledge. Claude Bernard — who is sometimes known as the " prince of vivisectors" and the father of physiology, and whose wife, Marie Frangoise Martin, founded the first anti-vivisection society in France in 1883 — famously wrote in 1865 that "the science of life is a superb and dazzlingly lighted hall which may be reached only by passing through a long and ghastly kitchen . Arguing that experiments on animals ...are entirely conclusive for the toxicology and hygiene of man ... the effects of these substances are the same on man as on animals, save for differences in degree, Bernard established animal experimentation as part of the standard scientific method.

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更多“Read carefully the following e…”相关的问题

第1题

There （1)_____ not one type of reading but several according to your reasons for reading.

There (1)_____ not one type of reading but several according to your reasons for reading. To read carefully, you have to (2)_____ your reading speed and technique (3)_____ your aim (4)_____ reading. Skimming is a technique necessary for quick and efficient reading.

When skimming, you (5)_____ the reading (6)_____ quickly in order to get the (7)_____ of it, to know how it is organized, (8)_____ an idea of the tone or the intention of the writer. Skimming is (9)_____ an activity which (10)_____ an overall view of the text and (11)_____ a definite reading competence.

Skimming doesn't need reading all the material, but it doesn't mean that it is an (12)_____ skill for the lazy, because it need a high degree of alertness and concentration.

When you read, you usually start with (13)_____ understanding and move towards detailed understanding rather than working the other way round. But (14)_____ is also used after you have already carefully studied and you need to (15)_____ the major ideas and concepts.

In order to be able to skim quickly and (16)_____ through a text, you should know where to look for what you want. In preview skimming you read the introductory information, the headings and subheadings, and the summary, if one is provided. (17)_____ this skimming, decide whether to read the material more thoroughly, and select the appropriate speed (18)_____ you read.

The same procedure (19)_____ for preview skimming could also be used to get an overview. Another method would be to read only key words. This is done by omitting the unnecessary words, phrases, and sentences.

In order to skim efficiently and fulfill your purpose, (20)_____ practice is necessary.

A．is

B．are

C．was

D．were

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第2题

Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Every social experience we have affects us in at least some small ways. Family, schooling, peers, and mass media all have an【S1】______on how we are socialized as children. Each of these factors has the power to shape our thoughts, feelings, and actions. The family is the most important because it【S2】______the center of children's lives. Babies are almost totally【S3】______on others, and the responsibility of meeting their needs almost falls on parents and other family members. At least until the start of schooling, the family is responsible for teaching children cultural【S4】______and attitudes. Schooling【S5】______children's social world to include people with backgrounds that differ from their own. Formally, schooling teaches children a wide range of knowledge and skills. School is also most children's first experience with rigid【S6】______. Children are encouraged to conform. to roles and be on time. Another factor that【S7】______children is their peer group. Unlike the family and school, the peer group allows young people to【S8】______from the direct control of adults. Peer groups also give young people the【S9】______to discuss interests that may not be shared by adults. The fourth major influence on social development is the mass media--【S10】______ television. Years before children learn to read, watching television has become a regular habit. Indeed, children spend as much time watching television as they do interacting with their parents.

A) obviously B) opportunity C) relevant D) represents

E) impact F) dominant G) especially H) discipline

I) stretches J) values K) solution L) escape

M) vary N) affects O) dependent

【S1】

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第3题

Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

What determines the kind of person you are？ What factors make you more or less bold, intelligent, or able to read a map？ All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were【S1】______. The study of how genes and environment interact to influence【S2】______activity is known as behavioral genetics. Behavioral genetics has made important【S3】______to the biological revolution, providing information about the extent to which biology influences mind, brain and behavior.Any research that suggests that【S4】______to perform. certain behaviors are based in biology is controversial. Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can【S5】______based on something that is beyond your control, such as your genes？ It is easy to accept that genes control physical characteristics such as sex, race and eye color. But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced, how【S6】______they are, or what career they are likely to choose？ A concern of psychological scientists is the【S7】______to which all of these characteristics are influenced by nature and nurture(养育) , by genetic makeup and the environment. Increasingly, science【S8】______that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits. From this perspective, people are born【S9】______like undeveloped photographs: The image is already captured, but the way it【S10】______appears can vary based on the development process. However, the basic picture is there from the beginning.

A) abilities I) extent

B) achieve J) indicates

C) appeal K) proceeds

D) complaints L) psychological

E) contributions M) raised

F) displayed N) smart

G) essentially O) standard H) eventually

【S1】

【S2】

【S3】

【S4】

【S5】

【S6】

【S7】

【S8】

【S9】

【S10】

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

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第4题

Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Air Pollution refers to the addition of harmful substances to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the environment, human health, and【S1】______of life. One of many forms of pollution, air pollution occurs inside homes, schools, and offices; in cities; across continents; and even【S2】______. Air pollution makes people sick—it causes breathing problems and【S3】______cancer—and it harms plants, animals, and the ecosystems (生态系统) in which they live. Some air pollutants return to earth in the form. of acid rain and snow, which destroy【S4】______and buildings, damage crops and forests, and make lakes and streams【S5】______for fish and other plant and animal life.

Pollution is changing Earth's atmosphere so that it lets in more harmful radiation from the Sun. At the same time, our polluted atmosphere is becoming a better insulator (绝缘体), which can【S6】______heat from escaping back into space and lead to a rise in global average temperatures. Scientists【S7】______that the temperature increase, referred to as global warming, will affect world food supply, alter sea level, make weather more【S8】______, and increase the spread of tropical disease.

Although the effects of future【S9】______change are unknown, some report that exaggerated weather conditions may【S10】______affect agriculture, for example, it may lead to severe drought and sharply decreasing agricultural yields in parts of Africa.

A) globally B) promotes C) predict D) unsuitable

E) science F) dramatically G) protect H) prevent

I) quality J) climate K) statues L) significant

M) powerful N) moderately O) extreme

【S1】

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第5题

听力原文：Today I want to help you with a study reading method known as SQ3R. The letters s

听力原文： Today I want to help you with a study reading method known as SQ3R. The letters stand for five steps in the reading process: Survey, Question, Read, Review, Recite. Each of the steps should be done carefully and in the order mentioned.

In all study reading, a survey should be the first step. Survey means to look quickly, Don't stop to read complete sentences. Just look at the important divisions of the material.

The second step is question. Try to form. questions based on your survey. Use the question words who, what, when, where, why, and how.

Now you are ready for the third step--read. You will be rereading the titles and important words that you look at in the survey. But this time you will read the examples and details as well. Sometimes it is useful to take notes while you read. I have had students who preferred to underline important points, and it seems to be just as useful as note- taking. What you should do, whether you take notes or underline, is to read actively. Think about what you are reading as a series of ideas, not just a sequence of words.

The fourth step is review. Remember the questions that you wrote down before you read the material. You should be able to answer them now. You will notice that some of the questions were treated in more detail in the reading. Concentrate on those. Also review material that you did not consider in your questions.

The last step is recite. Try to put the reading into your own words. Summarize it either in writing or orally.

(31)

A．A new way to take notes.

B．A short name for survey reading method.

C．The five steps in the reading process.

D．Different ways to study for examinations.

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第6题

Section CDirections: In this section,you will hear n passage three times.When the passage

Section C

Directions: In this section,you will hear n passage three times.When the passage is read for the first time,you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time,you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 t0 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 t0 46 you are required to fill in the missing information.For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally,when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.

In the humanities, authors write to inform. you in many ways. These methods can be (36) _________________into three types of informational writing: factual, descriptive, and process. Factual writing provides (37) __________ information on an author, composer or artist or on a type of music, literature, or art. Examples of factual writing include notes on a book jacket or (38) _____________cover and longer pieces, such as an article describing a style. of music which you might read in a music (39) ____________course. This kind of writing provides a (40) _____________for your study of the humanities.

As its name (41) ____________, descriptive writing simply describes or provides an (42)_____________ of, a piece of music, art or literature. For example, descriptive writing might list the colors an artist used in a painting or the (43) ______ a composer included in a musical composition, so as to make pictures of sounds in the readers’ mind by calling up specific details of the work. (44) __________________________________________________________________________________________.

Process writing explains a series of actions that bring about a result. (45) __________________________________________________________________________________. This kind of writing is often found in art, where understanding how an art has created a certain effect is important.

(46）_____________________________________________________________________.

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第7题

Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passag

Section C

Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the

The idea "happiness", to be sure, will not sit still for easy【B1】______: the best one can do is to try to set some【B2】______to the idea and then work in【B3】______the middle. To think of happiness as acquisitive and【B4】______will do to set the【B5】______extremes. To think of it as the idea one senses in, say, a【B6】______man of India will do to set the spiritual extreme. That holy man's idea of happiness is in needing nothing from outside himself. In wanting nothing, he【B7】______nothing. He sits immobile,【B8】______in contemplation, free even of his own body. Or nearly free of it. If devout admirers bring him food he eats it; if not, he starves indifferently. Why be concerned？【B9】______. Contemplation is his joy and he achieves it through a fantastically demanding discipline,【B10】______.

Is he a happy man？ Perhaps his happiness is only another sort of illusion. But who can take it from him？ And who will dare say【B11】______？

【B1】

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第8题

Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

The more time children spend watching television the poorer they perform. academically, according to three studies published on Monday.【S1】______television viewing has been blamed for increasing rates of childhood obesity(肥胖)and for aggressive behavior, while its【S2】______on schooling have been inconclusive, researchers said.

But studies published on the topic in this month' s Archives of Pediatrics(小儿科)& Adolescent Medicine concluded television viewing【S3】______to have an adverse effect(反作用)on academic pursuits. For【S4】______, children who had televisions in their bedrooms--and【S5】______watched more TV--scored lower on standardized tests than those who did not have sets in their rooms. In contrast, the study found having a home computer with【S6】______to the Internet resulted in comparatively higher test scores.

"Consistently, those with a bedroom television but no【S7】______home computer had, on aver age, the lowest scores and those with home computer but no bedroom television had the highest scores," wrote study author Dina Borzekowski of Johns Hopkins University.

The American Academy of Pediatrics has【S8】______parents to limit children' s television viewing to no more than one to two hours per day--and to try to keep younger Children away from TV altogether.

In two other studies published in the same journal, children who【S9】______watched television before the age of 3 ended up with lower test scores later on, and children and adolescents who watched more television were less【S10】______. to go on to finish high school or earn a college degree.

A)Inadequate I)urged

B)available J)Excessive

C)regularly K)instance

D)therefore L)reception

E)access M)tended

F)likely N)Ordinary

G)impact O)Limitless

H)converted

【S1】

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第9题

Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are require

Section A

Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select out one word for each blank from a lot of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Small communities, with their distinctive character—where life is stable and intensely human—are disappearing. Some have __26____ from the face of the earth, others are dying slowly, but all have ___27___ changes as they have come into contact with an ___28___ machine civilization. The merging of diverse peoples into a common mass has produced tension among members of the minorities and the majority alike.

The Old Order Amish, who arrived on American shores in colonial times, have ___29___ in the modern world in distinctive, small communities. They have resisted the homogenization ___30___ more successfully than others. In planting and harvest times one can see their bearded men working the fields with horses and their women hanging out the laundry in neat rows to dry. Many American people have seen Amish families with the men wearing broad-brimmed black hats and the women in long dresses. In railway or bus ___31___.Although the Amish have lived with ___32___ America for over two and a half centuries. They have moderated its influence on their personal lives, their families, communities, and their values.

The Amish are often ___33___ by other Americans to be relics of the past who live a simple, inflexible life dedicated to inconvenient out-dated customs. They are seen as abandoning both modem ___34___ and the American dream of success and progress, But most people have no quarrel with the Amish for doing things the old-fashioned way. Their conscientious objection was tolerated in wartime. For after all. They are good farmers who ___35___ the virtues of work and thrift.

A)accessing I)progress

B)conveniences J)respective

C)destined K)survived

D)expanding L)terminals

E)industrialized M)undergone

F)perceived N)universal

G)practice O)vanished

H)process

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第10题

(Read the statement carefully. Choose T if you believe it is true or F if it is not b

（Read the statement carefully. Choose T if you believe it is true or F if it is not b

ased on the information from the book) A shipped bill of lading is required by the bank under LC arrangement.()

此题为判断题(对，错)。

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