题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
Doctors sometimes choose to lie because they think ______.
A．they have the right of secrecy
B．they lie just for the patient' s sake, not for self-serving ones
C．they like to lie
D．they want to know how the patient reply after such lies
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更多“Doctors sometimes choose to li…”相关的问题
Medical doctors sometimes can make mistakes that will cost ________.
A) patients their lives
B) patient lives
C) patients for their lives
D) patients with their lives
Sometimes doctors have to base a diagnosis on ______ as much as on scientific tests.
A．conception
B．perception
C．intuition
D．cognition
听力原文： Do you know of anyone who uses the truth to deceive？ When someone tells you something that is true, but leaves out important information that should be included, he can give you a false picture.
For example, someone might say, "I just won a hundred dollars on the lottery. It was great. I took that dollar ticket back to the store and turned it in for one hundred dollars!"
This guy's a winner, right？ Maybe, maybe not. We then discover that he bought $200 worth of tickets, and only one was a winner. He's really a big loser!
He didn't say anything that was false, but he left out important information on purpose. That's called a half-truth. Half-truths are not technically lies, but they are just as dishonest.
Some politicians often use this trick. Let's say that during Governor Smith's last term, her state lost one million jobs and gained three million jobs. Then she seeks another term. One of her opponents says, "During Governor Smith's term, the state lost one million jobs!" That's true. However, an honest statement would have been, "During Governor Smith's term, the state had a net gain of two million jobs."
Advertisers will sometimes use half-truths. It's against the law to make false statements so they try to mislead you with the truth. An advertisement might say, "Nine out of ten doctors advised their patients to take Yucky Pills to cure toothache." It fails to mention that they only asked ten doctors and nine of them work for the Yucky Company.
This kind of deception happens too often. It's a sad fact of life: Lies are lies, and sometimes the truth can lie as well.
Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
33. How much did the lottery winner lose？
34. What does the speaker believe people should do？
35. What can we know from the example of the Yucky Pill advertisement？
(30)
A．One hundred dollars.
B．Two hundred dollars.
C．Three hundred dollars.
D．Four hundred dollars.
How they work no one knows. But the brain rules the body in many subconscious ways, including its control of the body's major hormones and its subtle influence over the immune system. So it's possible that, in ways yet unknown, expectations about health or disease are sometimes translated in to a bodily reaction that fulfils them. The power of these effects is hard to overstate.
A rule of thumb is that 30 percent of patients in the placebo half of a drug trial (i. e. those who unknowingly receive a dummy pill instead of the real thing) will experience all improvement in symptoms. But the proportion may be much higher. Just like real drugs, placebo pills can produce stronger effects in larger doses. Patients will report greater relief when given a larger pill, or two dummy capsules instead of one.
Doctors' expectations also contribute to the awesome power of the placebo effect. In a study of tooth extraction, patients were given either a painkiller or sham drugs. Some dentists were assigned to give either drug, without knowing which, but other dentists knew they would be giving only sham drugs. The patients whose dentists thought they had at least a 50-50 chance of giving a painkiller suffered significantly less pain. Presumably, doctors transmit their expectations to the patient through subtle cues, often without knowing they are doing so.
Placebo and noeebo ______.
A．only exist in people's imagination
B．were medicines used by Latin people
C．are very effective in healing
D．are hated by both doctors and patients
The rapid diagnosis(诊断)and immediate treatment【C10】______the spot of an accident or sudden illness,【C11】______awaiting the arrival of doctors, is called the first aid and quite【C12】______from the home nursing.
When illness does come,【C13】______family is affected. Many adjustments have to be made【C14】______the family routine needn't be【C15】______completely. Often it can be rearranged with home duties simplified to save time and energy, thus reducing【C16】______on the family.
The【C17】______responsibility for giving nursing care is usually【C18】______by one person, frequently the mother.【C19】______, in order that she may have some much needed rest, or【C20】______she herself is ill, other members of the family should learn how to help when sickness occurs.
【C1】
A．Occasionally
B．Unfortunately
C．Actually
D．Naturally
【C1】
A．Occasionally
B．Unfortunately
C．Miserably
D．Naturally
A Dose of Reality
Major Reality Check
When the pain reliever Vioxx was Withdrawn from the market last fall after the announcement that it increased patients' risk of heart attacks and strokes, millions of Americans panicked. The sometimes sensationalized headlines didn't help. People wondered, "Should I trust my doctor？" "Could a medication that I thought would help me actually kill me？" "Is our drug safety system broken？"
Suddenly, ads for the drug were replaced with ads looking for Vioxx "victims". Law firms across the nation began recruiting anyone who had ever taken the drug as plaintiffs (原告) for class-action (公诉) suits. Merck, the company that developed the drug, could be liable for billions of dollars, making it one of the costliest liability cases ever, No surprise, then, that Merck's stock plummeted(垂直落下) 40 percent in just six weeks.
But the real cost was even greater. Not only did patients stop taking Vioxx but, doctors say, many people stopped taking their other medicines, too—sometimes putting their health at serious risk.
Vioxx was the first pebble in the pharmaceutical rock slide. Soon, accusations about a spate of other drugs were making headlines, including all COX-2 inhibitors which, like Vioxx, relieve pain. The charges didn't stop there. The FDA was accused of simply robber-stamping new drugs; drug companies. were blamed for hiding information about unsafe products; .and the efficacy(功效) of clinical trials that did not reveal how large numbers of people would react was questioned. But one question that was rarely asked could determine whether or not pharmaceutical companies continue to develop and produce breakthrough medications that can save or extend lives and help people live without pain. The question: do Americans expect drugs to be risk-free？ And, if someone suffers a bad reaction, will lawyers rather than doctors be the first people we call？
Panic over Pills: Overreaction？
During the ten-year period between 1994 and 2004, the FDA approved 321 completely new drugs (this doesn't include approvals for changes to existing medicines), bringing the total to more than 10,000 drug products on the market. During that same period, eight drugs were withdrawn for reasons of safety, such as the diet drug fenfluramine (fen-phen, associated with heart-valve disease) and the allergy drug Seldane (linked to heart arrhythmias). But the Vioxx recall created a shock wave for the American consumer like no other. Many people had come to depend on their "meds", and they expected them to be safe, too, especially when they cost so much. Prescription drugs account for, some Say, the fastest growing segment (about one- tenth) of all health expenditures, with some specialty drugs costing hundreds of dollars per dose.
"With Vioxx, the real shock and outrage came when there was a suggestion that people in authority may have known about these harmful side effects and not shared them with doctors or the public," says Anne Woodbury, chief health advocate for the Center for Health Transformation, a think tank founded by Newt Gingrich. It made people question their faith in the pharmaceutical industry, federal regulators and physicians—those we trust to make sure our drugs are safe. Before, taking a newly prescribed pill with a slug of water was as routine as brushing your teeth. For many people, this is no longer the case.
People have reason to worry. In clinical trial data submitted to the FDA, Vioxx showed no connection to heart problems. The drug was approved in May 1999. But after Vioxx hit the market and grew in popularity, heart problems were revealed— lots of them. Tens of thousands of people may have been affected, and Merck was accused of hiding that information.
"The system is not perfect," comments Marianne J. Legato, MD, professor of clinical medicine at Columbia University College of Physicians a
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
Health Care and Epidemics
Everyone suffers from disease at some time or another. However, millions of people around the world do not have good health care. Sometimes they have no money to pay for medical treatment. Sometimes they have money, but there is no doctor. Sometimes the doctor does not know how to treat the disease, and sometimes there is no treatment. Some people are afraid of doctors. When these conditions are present in large population centers, epidemics can start.
Epidemics Change History
Explorations and wars cause different groups of people to come into contact with other. They carry strange disease to each other. For example, when the Europeans first came to North and South America, they brought diseases with them that killed about 95 percent of the Native American population.
People's Fear
People are very afraid of unknown things, especially diseases. People have all kinds of ideas about how to prevent and treat disease. Some people think that if you eat lots of onions or garlic, you won't get sick. Others say you should take huge amounts of vitamins. Scientific experiments have not proved most of these theories. However, people still spend millions of dollars on vitamins and other probably useless treatments or preventatives. Some people want antibiotics (抗生素) whenever they get sick. Some antibiotics are very expensive. Much of this money is wasted because some diseases are caused by a virus. Viruses are even smaller than bacteria, and they cause different kinds of diseases. Antibiotics are useless against viruses.
Because of their fear, people can be cruel to victims of disease. Sometimes they fire them from their jobs, throw them out of their apartments, and refuse them transportation services. In the plague(瘟疫) epidemics a few hundred years ago, people simply covered the doors and windows of the victim' s houses and left them to die inside, all in an effort to protect themselves from getting sick.
The Ways Epidemic Diseases Spread
Doctors know how most epidemic diseases spread. Some, like tuberculosis, are spread when people's sneeze sends the bacteria shooting out into the air. Then they enter the mouth or nose of anyone nearby.
Others are spread through human contact, such as on the bands. When you are sick and blow your nose, you get viruses or bacteria on your hands. Then you touch another person's hand, and when that person touches his or her mouth, nose, or eyes, the disease enters the body. Some diseases spread when people touch the same dishes, towels, and furniture. You can pick up a disease when you touch things in public buildings. Other diseases are spread through insects such as flies, mosquitoes, and ticks.
One disease that causes frequent, worldwide epidemics is influenza, or flu for short. The symptoms of influenza include headache and sometimes a runny nose. Some victims get sick to their stomachs. These symptoms are similar to symptoms of other, milder diseases. Influenza can be a much more serious disease, especially for pregnant women, people over sixty-five, and people already suffering from another disease, such as heart problems. About half of all flu patients have a high body temperature called a fever. Flu is very contagious. One person catches the flu from another person. It doesn't begin inside the body as heart disease does.
Prevention & Treatment for Diseases
Sometimes medicine can relieve the symptoms. That is, it can make a person cough less, make headaches less intense, and stop noses from running for a while. However, medicine can't always cure the disease. So far, there is no cure for many diseases and no medicine to prevent them. People have to try to prevent them in other ways.
Some diseases can be prevented by vaccination(接种疫苗). A liquid vaccine is injected into the arm or taken by mouth and the person is safe from c
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
Every year more than half a million American kids have drainage(排泄) tubes surgically implanted in their ears to combat persistent infections. The procedure, known as tympanostomy, may not be as 【C1】______ as the tonsillectomy was in the 1940s, but it now 【C2】______ as the nation's leading childhood 【C3】______ and a new study suggests it's being vastly overused. In 【C4】______ more than 6,000 scheduled ear tube operations, a team of experts 【C5】______ by Harvard pediatrician Lawrence Kleinman found that fewer than half were clearly justified. "Each year", the researchers write in the current Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), "several hundred thousand children in the United States may be 【C6】______ tympanostomy tubes that offer them no demonstrated 【C7】______ ...and may place them at increased 【C8】______ ."
Tube placement isn't a 【C9】______ risky procedure, but it costs $1,000 to $1,500 and sometimes scars the eardrum, causing a partial loss of 【C10】______ Studies show that the benefits are most likely to 【C11】______ the risks if a child's middle ear has produced sticky fluid 【C12】______ more than four months despite treatment 【C13】______ antibiotics. For less virulent infections, drug treatment is usually a(n) 【C14】______ safer alternative (though drugs, too, can be overused). In the new JAMA study, Kleinman's team reviewed the medical charts of 6,429 kids, all under 16, 【C15】______ doctors had recommended the procedure. Even making "generous assumptions" about the likely 【C16】______ , the researchers found that a quarter of the proposed operations were 【C17】______ , since less invasive alternatives were available, 【C18】______ another third were as likely to harm the recipients as help them.
Parents needn't 【C19】______ about ear tubes that are already in place. Once 【C20】______ implanted, the tiny devices provide drainage for six months to a year, then come out by reducing health costs by hundreds of millions of dollars every year.
【C1】
A．rare
B．common
C．general
D．abnormal
