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HIV infection frequently occurs in a household setting.A．YB．NC．NG
HIV infection frequently occurs in a household setting.
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
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题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
如果结果不匹配，请 联系老师 获取答案
题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
HIV infection frequently occurs in a household setting.
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
如果结果不匹配，请 联系老师 获取答案
更多“HIV infection frequently occur…”相关的问题
The following infectious diseases that can develop into a mental illness is ______.
A．dementia
B．syphilis
C．malaria
D．untreated HIV infection
The researchers are now trying to figure out ______.
A．whether observed antibodies can block the infection of HIV
B．whether the combination of vaccines stimulates new molecules
C．whether the combination of vaccines can work well
D．whether the combination of vaccines could be tested in normal people
The researchers were disappointed because ______.
A．the vaccines haven't shown any effect on volunteers in Thailand
B．the vaccines didn't stop the HIV infection on those who were vaccinated
C．the vaccines were strongly rejected by the people in Thailand
D．the vaccines' effects is waiting to be verified at conference in Paris
New Hopes for Preventing AIDS
The success of anti-retroviral (抑止肿瘤病毒) drugs in treating HIV is getting researchers at the 16th International AIDS conference excited at the prospect that the potent medicines might be exploited to perform. double duty. Why not use the power of these ARVs to prevent an HIV transmission or infection from taking hold in the first place？ Bill and Melinda Gates asked that provocative question on the opening day of the conference, and are committing their considerable financial resources toward finding an answer. In their remarks, they highlighted the need to develop microbicides and oral-prevention drugs while we wait for a vaccine. And they will get their first hint at how smart their decision was this Thursday, when scientists from West Africa report the initial results from the first trial studying an oral prevention drug.
So how realistic are the Gates in expecting even more from the ARVs？ "I do think the range of prevention options we have within the next decade will greatly expand," says Dr. Helene Gayle, President of Care USA and co-chair of the conference. "The biologic plausibility for both microbicides and oral-prevention drags is so great." Dr. Mark Dybul, U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, said that if a microbicide or prevention drug becomes available to protect people from infections, they would be funded under the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief if countries chose to use them. "We would support all of that; it would be perfectly within our mandate to do all that," he told TIME.
Preventing HIV is the only way to keep the number of new infections that occur each year -- 4 million -- from growing. And yet prevention strategies, always the ugly stepsister to treatment programs, have not really taken hold in the developing nations where the rate of infection is highest. An effective vaccine, of course, is the ultimate prevention weapon, but as the Gates' pointed out, an HIV shot is still a long way off. In the meantime, microbicides could be one way to co-opt ARVs into the prevention war; these are chemical compounds, usually in the form. of a gel or cream, that women can use vaginally prior to intercourse to stop the transmission of HIV -- it's the same idea behind spermicides (杀精子剂), which are chemical barriers to sperm entering the vagina and causing pregnancy. It's an elegantly simple approach, made even simpler by the fact that researchers didn't really have to start from scratch to come up with new anti-HIV compounds; they already have them in the ARVs, which now interrupt the virus from infecting cells at various points in its life cycle.
The key difference is that in a microbicide, the drugs are being used in healthy people rather than in those infected with HIV. When ARVs are used for treatment, both doctors and patients are willing to tolerate a higher level of side effects -- after all, if the choice is between dying from HIV-AIDS and side effects, most patients opt for the latter. If the drugs are to be used to prevent infection, however, everything changes; understandably, healthy people aren't as likely to accept the same level of side effects and toxicities as those already infected.
That's why clinical trials are so significant. So far, there are 30 to 40 different microbicide candidates being tested in animals, and five trials in Ghana, Nigeria and other developing nations at the most advanced stages of testing in women. Dr. Gita Ramjee, of the HIV Prevention Research Unit in Durban, South Africa, has worked with all five, and is hopeful that they will prove effective and make an impact on the disease. Because these latest microbicides are reformulated ARVs, however, the problem of the virus becoming resistant to them is a potential drawback. Dr. Peter Plot, of UNAIDS, suggests basing microbicides only on the drugs do not make it through the pharmaceutical pipeline many are rejected becaus
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
Directions: In this part, you.viii have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
HIV Vaccine Feat Leaves More Questions Than Answers
Only hours after HIV vaccine researchers announced the achievement of a milestone that has eluded them for a quarter of a century, they began plotting their next steps—and coming back to reality. Their ultimate goal, halting the spread of AIDS, remains far in the future. A Thai and American team had announced early Thursday in Bangkok that they had found a combination of vaccines that provided modest protection against infection with HIV, offering the first proof of principle that the deadly disease could be tamed by teaching the immune system to recognize the virus and defeat it. Scientists around the world hailed the achievement.
But by Thursday afternoon, the initial wave of joy had given way to the recognition that many questions will have to be answered before researchers can produce a vaccine that will reliably shield people from HIV. For starters, it could take years to figure out the biological mechanisms that produced the apparent 31 ~ reduction in infections among those given the vaccine treatment.
Researchers have never before observed antibodies (抗体) or other molecules in the blood that could block an infection of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Now they will try to figure out whether this combination of vaccines stimulated new molecules, or provoked an unusual blend of ones previously observed. Experts predicted that it would require 2 to 3 years of research to better understand how the vaccine worked, and an additional 5 to 10 years to produce a vaccine that was ready to test in people. Some researchers even wondered whether the apparent reduction in infections was simply a statistical mistake resulting from the small number of HIV cases observed in the trial.
The abundance of unanswered questions hasn't sapped the enthusiasm of many HIV researchers. After 26 years of seemingly futile research on vaccines, they have finally made some progress on demonstrating the feasibility of an HIV vaccine, said Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, which largely funded the $120-million study. "This is the first positive signal—modest though it may be—that we have ever got with any vaccine that we have ever tested in humans," Fauci said. But "is it a vaccine that is ready for prime time？ No."
The Thai trial, which began in 2003, had been laughed at by many critics as a waste of time and money because its two vaccines had produced no benefit in individual trials. But a few researchers speculated that using them together—with one vaccine priming (开始修复) the immune system and the second boosting that response—would be more effective. The primer in this combination is Alvac, made by Sanofi Pasteur, which uses a harmless virus to carry three synthetic HIV genes into the body. :The boost comes from Aidsvax, originally made by VaxGen Inc. and now owned by the nonprofit group Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases. It contains a genetically engineered version of a protein from the HIV surface.
The study, led by Dr. Supachai Rerks-Ngarm of the Thai Ministry of Public Health's Department of Disease Control, involved more than 16,000 volunteers in Thailand, all from the general population rather than from a pool of high-risk homosexuals and drug users used in past studies. Half received four priming doses of Alvac and two boost doses of Aidsvax over a six-month period; the other half received placebo (无效对照药) shots. After three years of follow-up, new HIV infections were observed
A．scientists have made certain achievements in HIV vaccine
B．HIV vaccine has been proved successful ultimately
C．HIV vaccine has been proved useless
D．HIV has already been decoded and defeated
The survey revealed that young surgeons didn't report the potentially fatal injuries for a range of reasons. 【C8】______ a time surgeons feel that doing so would take too much time, could【C9】______ career opportunities and might cause a loss of face among【C10】______. In addition, there was a【C11】______ belief that getting even timely medical attention would not prevent infection.
"It's been long【C12】______ , but no one truly appreciated the【C13】______ of the problem," said Martin Makary. "Every surgeon is【C14】______ to be on anti-HIV medications and is at risk for contracting HIV and hepatitis at far Ngher rates than we suspected."
"Part of the surgical culture has been maintaining the patient first at all cast, and when an accident occurs in the operating recto, the surgeon's【C15】______ inclination is to continue with the operation," he said. "But the extent of the problem is much greater than we thought. Previous estimates of injuries understate the seriousness of the problem,【C16】______ most of the injuries are not being recorded."
"More hospitals need to do a better job in protection", Makary said. "They need more appropriate and more tinny surgical systems【C17】______ surgeons can get medical treatment immediately, not after a long【C18】______ process that takes them away from the patient." The findings【C19】 ______ the need for "immediate steps to improve safety and care for health care workers to reduce the spread of HIV and hepatitis infection," he said . The hospitals could【C20】______ so-called "sharpless" technologies where possible, including electric scalpels, clips and glues.
【C1】
A．medical
B．acute
C．surgical
D．sharp
